Functionalized long-chain hydrocarbon mono- and di-carboxylic acids and derivatives thereof, and their use for the prevention or treatment of disease

ABSTRACT

This invention provides compounds of Formulae (I), (IA), (IB), (IC), (ID), (IE), (IF), (IG), (IH), (IJ), (II), (III), (IIIA), and (IIIB); pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof; and compositions thereof. This invention further provides methods for treating a disease, including but not limited to, liver disease or an abnormal liver condition; cancer (such as hepatocellular carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma); a malignant or benign tumor of the lung, liver, gall bladder, bile duct or digestive tract; an intra- or extra-hepatic bile duct disease; a disorder of lipoprotein; a lipid-and-metabolic disorder; cirrhosis, fibrosis; a disorder of glucose metabolism; a cardiovascular or related vascular disorder; a disease resulting from steatosis, fibrosis, or cirrhosis; a disease associated with increased inflammation (such as hepatic inflammation or pulmonary inflammation); hepatocyte ballooning; a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-associated disorder; an ATP citrate lyase disorder; an acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase disorder; obesity; pancreatitis; or renal disease.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.63/141,273, filed Jan. 25, 2021, and U.S. Provisional Application No.63/285,876, filed Dec. 3, 2021, the disclosure of each of which isincorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention provides mono- and di-Coenzyme A (CoA) esters ofcompounds of Formulae (I), (IA), (IB), (IC), (ID), (IE), (IF), (IG),(IH), (IJ), (II), (III), (IIIA), and (IIIB), pharmaceutically acceptablesalts and solvates thereof, and compositions thereof. This inventionfurther provides methods for preventing or treating a disease, includingbut not limited to, liver disease or an abnormal liver condition; cancer(such as hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma or cancers of thedigestive tract); a malignant or benign tumor of the lung, liver, gallbladder, bile duct or digestive tract; an intra- or extra-hepatic bileduct disease; a disorder of lipoprotein; a lipid-and-metabolic disorder;cirrhosis; fibrosis; a disorder of glucose metabolism; a cardiovascularor related vascular disorder; a disease resulting from steatosis,fibrosis, or cirrhosis; a disease associated with increased inflammation(such as hepatic inflammation, kidney inflammation or pulmonaryinflammation); hepatocyte ballooning; a peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor-associated disorder; an ATP citrate lyase disorder;an acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase disorder; obesity; pancreatitis; orrenal disease. This invention further provides methods for slowing theonset of cancer or slowing the progression of cancer, treating viralconditions and inhibiting viral replication.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common primary livermalignancies. Patients with chronic liver disease, such as livercirrhosis, fibrosis, hepatitis B and hepatitis C, are at increased riskfor development of HCC. Thus, patients with chronic liver diseasesshould be closely monitored for development of HCC. Risk factors for HCCinclude cirrhosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD),nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH),chronic alcohol consumption, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C, type IIbhyperlipidemia, mixed dyslipidemia, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.

Type IIb hyperlipidemia patients have a high risk of developing NAFLDand NASH and ultimately HCC, which can develop due to hepatictriglyceride and cholesterol overproduction and accumulation. Elevatedlevels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceridesare associated with mixed dyslipidemia, including type IIbhyperlipidemia, which is characterized by elevation of apolipoprotein B,very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), intermediate densitylipoprotein cholesterol (IDL), and small dense low-density lipoprotein(LDL) levels, in addition to elevation in LDL-C and triglyceride levels.

Current treatment options for treatment of type IIb hyperlipidemia arelimited. While statins can be effective for lowering LDL-C and reducinginflammation, they are generally not very effective for loweringtriglyceride concentrations. Further, high dose statin therapy is oftennot well tolerated because it can cause muscle pain (myalgia) andincrease a patient's risk of serious muscle toxicity, such asrhabdomyolysis. Also, commonly used triglyceride-lowering agents thatare administered in combination with statins are often notwell-tolerated. When administered with certain statins, fibrates areknown to have drug-drug interactions, resulting in increased statinblood drug levels, myalgia, an increased risk of muscle toxicity and anincreased safety risk. Indeed, the interaction of the statin Baycol(cerivastatin) with the fibrate gemfibrozil resulted in severe muscletoxicity and deaths and raised safety concerns that resulted in theremoval of Baycol from the U.S. market. Fish oil, which has been used tolower triglyceride levels, needs to be taken multiple times daily andcan cause a fish oil aftertaste, burping or regurgitation. Niacin causesflushing, particularly when administered in combination with statins.

Gastrointestinal (digestive) cancers can affect the gastrointestinaltract and other organs that are contained within the digestive system,such as the liver. The origins of the digestive cancers are linkedstrongly to chronic inflammation of the organs that develop through aseries of histopathologic stages dependent of the organ affected. Forcancers of the gastrointestinal tract or for gastrointestinal stromaltumor (GIST), surgery will likely be recommended to remove the tumorand/or to help maintain normal function. Other treatment options areradiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or targeted therapies.

Fibrosis can be induced by the pathological accumulation ofextracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and it results in scarring andthickening of the affected tissue as if it was an exaggerated woundhealing response which interferes with normal organ function. Fibrosiscan occur in many tissues within the body, typically as a result ofinflammation or damage, such as fibrosis of the lungs, liver, brain,heart, kidney, uterus, etc.

There is a need for a safe and effective therapy for treatment orprevention of cancer (such as gastrointestinal cancer, hepatocellularcarcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, pvarian cancer, or prostate cancer); amalignant or benign tumor of the lung, liver, gall bladder, bile duct ordigestive tract; liver disease or an abnormal liver condition, an intra-or extra-hepatic bile duct disease; a disorder of lipoprotein; alipid-and-metabolic disorder; cirrhosis; fibrosis; a disorder of glucosemetabolism; a cardiovascular or related vascular disorder; a diseaseresulting from steatosis, fibrosis, or cirrhosis; a disease associatedwith increased inflammation (such as hepatic inflammation, kidneyinflammation or pulmonary inflammation); hepatocyte ballooning; aperoxisome proliferator activated receptor-associated disorder; an ATPcitrate lyase disorder; an acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase disorder;obesity; pancreatitis; or renal disease.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides (a) mono- and di-CoA ester compounds ofFormulae (I), (IA), (IB), (IC), (II), (III), (IIIA), and (IIIB), andcompounds of Formulae (ID), (IE), (IF), (IG), (IH), (IJ), Table A-18,Table A-19 and Table B5, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts andsolvates thereof, (b) pharmaceutically acceptable amino acid, meglumine,eglumine, D-glucamine, glucosamine, or choline salts of compounds ofFormulae (I), (IA), (IB), (IC), (II), (III), (IIIA), (IIIB), Table A-7,Table A-8, Table A-9, Table A-10, Table A-11, Table A-12, Table B1,Table B2, Table B3, Table B4, and Table B5, and (c) compounds useful inthe methods of the invention (each compound, pharmaceutically acceptablesalt and solvate being a “compound of the invention”).

The present invention also provides compositions comprising i) aneffective amount of a compound of the invention and ii) apharmaceutically acceptable carrier or vehicle (each composition being a“composition of the invention”).

The present invention further provides methods for treating orpreventing a disease, comprising administering to a subject in needthereof an effective amount of a compound of the invention, wherein thedisease is liver disease or an abnormal liver condition; cancer; amalignant or benign tumor of the lung, liver, gall bladder, bile duct ordigestive tract; an intra- or extra-hepatic bile duct disease; adisorder of lipoprotein; a lipid-and-metabolic disorder; cirrhosis;fibrosis; a disorder of glucose metabolism; a cardiovascular or relatedvascular disorder; a disease resulting from steatosis, fibrosis, orcirrhosis; a disease associated with increased inflammation; hepatocyteballooning; a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-associateddisorder; an ATP citrate lyase disorder; an acetyl-coenzyme Acarboxylase disorder; obesity; pancreatitis; or renal disease.

The present invention further provides methods for reducing in asubject's blood plasma or blood serum, the subject's C-reactive protein(CRP) concentration, serum amyloid A (SAA) concentration, alanineaminotransferase (ALT) concentration, aspartate aminotransferase (AST)concentration, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentration, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) concentration, serum creatinine concentration,7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4) concentration, protein:creatinineratio, creatine kinase concentration, angiopoietin-like protein 3concentration, angiopoietin-like protein 4 concentration,angiopoietin-like protein 8 concentration, fibrinogen concentration,total cholesterol concentration, low-density lipoprotein cholesterolconcentration, low-density lipoprotein concentration, very low-densitylipoprotein cholesterol concentration, very low-density lipoproteinconcentration, non-HDL cholesterol concentration, non-HDL concentration,apolipoprotein B concentration, apolipoprotein C concentration,lipoprotein(a) concentration, or serum triglyceride concentration,comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effectiveamount of a compound of the invention.

The present invention further provides methods for reducing triglycerideconcentration in a subject's liver, comprising administering to asubject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of theinvention.

The present invention further provides methods for elevating in asubject's blood plasma or blood serum a concentration of high-densitylipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, or lipoproteinlipase, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof aneffective amount of a compound of the invention.

The present invention further provides methods for treating a disease,comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effectiveamount of a compound of the invention, wherein the disease isinflammatory disease, gastrointestinal disease, irritable bowel syndrome(IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or autoimmune disease.

The present invention further provides methods for regressing, reducingthe rate of progression, or inhibiting progression, of fibrosis,hepatocyte ballooning or hepatic inflammation, comprising administeringto a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of theinvention.

The present invention further provides methods for inhibiting, reducing,or delaying advancement of a subject's lipid synthesis, liver steatosis,hepatocyte ballooning, hepatocyte inflammation, liver fibrosis, lungfibrosis, kidney fibrosis, uterine fibrosis, or cirrhosis, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of acompound of the invention.

The present invention further provides methods for elevating HDLconcentration in a subject's blood serum or plasma, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of acompound of the invention.

The present invention further provides methods for inhibiting NF-kB orstellate cell activation, comprising administering to a subject in needthereof an effective amount of a compound of the invention.

The present invention further provides methods for activating PPAR(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor), comprising administeringto a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of theinvention.

The present invention further provides methods for modulating, directlyinhibiting or allosterically inhibiting ATP citrate lyase in a subject,comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effectiveamount of a compound of the invention.

The present invention further provides methods for modulating, directlyinhibiting or allosterically inhibiting acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 oracetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 in a subject, comprising administering to asubject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of theinvention.

The present invention further provides methods for reducing fat orcholesterol content of livestock meat or poultry eggs, comprisingadministering to the livestock or poultry an effective amount of acompound of the invention.

The present invention further provides methods for treating orpreventing a disease, comprising administering to a subject in needthereof an effective amount of a compound of the invention, wherein thedisease is cancer, a lipid-and-metabolic disorder, a liver disorder,cirrhosis, fibrosis, a disorder of glucose metabolism, a peroxisomeproliferator activated receptor-associated disorder, a malignant orbenign tumor of the lung, liver, bile and digestive tract, an ATPcitrate lyase disorder, an acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase disorder,obesity, pancreatitis, renal disease, hepatic inflammation, or pulmonaryinflammation.

The present invention further provides methods for reducing risk ofcancer, slowing the onset of cancer or slowing progression of cancer,comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effectiveamount of a compound of the invention, or a composition of theinvention.

The present invention further provides methods for treating orpreventing a viral infection, comprising administering to the subject aneffective amount of a compound of the invention, or a composition of theinvention.

The present invention further provides methods for inhibitingreplication of a virus, comprising contacting the virus with aneffective amount of a compound of the invention, or a composition of theinvention.

Each of the above methods is a “method of the invention”.

The compounds of the invention and compositions of the invention areuseful in the methods of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the schematics of ADP-Glo assay.

FIG. 2A shows the IC₅₀ data for ACC1 inhibition of Compound I-32. FIG.2B shows IC₅₀ data for ACC1 inhibition of Compound I-32-CoA. FIG. 2Cshows IC₅₀ data for ACC1 inhibition of Compound I-1-CoA and FIG. 2Dshows IC₅₀ data for ACC1 inhibition of the reference compound CP 640186.

FIG. 3A shows IC₅₀ data for ACC2 inhibition of Compound I-32-CoA. FIG.3B shows IC₅₀ data for ACC2 inhibition of Compound I-1-CoA and FIG. 3Cshows IC₅₀ data for ACC2 inhibition of the reference compound CP 640186.

FIG. 4A shows the IC₅₀ data for ACLY inhibition of Compound I-32-CoA.FIG. 4B shows IC₅₀ data for ACLY inhibition of Compound I-1-CoA and FIG.4C shows IC₅₀ data for ACLY inhibition of the reference compoundBMS-303141. FIG. 4D shows results for Compound I-1, Compound I-1-CoA,Compound I-32, and Compound I-32-CoA in an ACLY inhibition assay.

FIGS. 5A-5D shows the following measurements in mice treated withvehicle or Compound I-32 or Compound I-1: steatosis (FIG. 5A),inflammation (FIG. 5B), fibrosis (FIG. 5C), NAFLD scores (FIG. 5D).

FIG. 6A shows a representative H&E staining (×1.25 magnification) andFIG. 6B displays a representative H&E staining (×10 magnification) atthe end of the treatment period in mice with vehicle or Compound I-32 orCompound I-1.

FIG. 7A displays a representative Sirius Red staining (×1.25magnification) and FIG. 7B displays a representative Sirius Red staining(×10 magnification) at the end of the treatment period in mice withvehicle or Compound I-32 or Compound I-1. Arrows indicate perisinusoidaland portal fibrosis.

FIG. 8 presents Sirius red % over total liver area in mice treated withvehicle or Compound I-32 or Compound I-1.

FIGS. 9A-9F display liver inflammation gene expression of the followingin mice treated with vehicle or Compound I-32 or Compound I-1: IL-1β(FIG. 9A), MCP-1 (FIG. 9B), IL-6 (FIG. 9C), NF-κβ (FIG. 9D), TLR-4 (FIG.9E) and TNF-α (FIG. 9F).

FIGS. 10A and 10B show liver fibrosis gene expression in mice treatedwith vehicle or Compound I-32 or Compound I-1: TGF-β (FIG. 10A) andcoll1a1 (FIG. 10B).

FIG. 11 shows representative α-SMA (smooth muscle actin) immunostaining(×20 magnification) at the end of the treatment in mice with vehicle orCompound I-32 or Compound I-1. Arrows indicate α-SMA immunostaining.

FIG. 12 shows α-SMA % over total liver area in mice treated with vehicleor Compound I-32 or Compound I-1.

FIG. 13A shows unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO) model creation andtimelines for a renal fibrosis study in mice treated daily with CompoundI-1 (“UB”) or Compound I-32 (“UA”).

FIGS. 13B-13G show representative images and quantification of kidneyfibrosis assessed using Trichrome staining (FIGS. 13B and 13C),Picosirius Red (PSR) staining (FIGS. 13D and 13E) and α-SMA staining(FIGS. 13F and 13G). (*,**,***,****p<0.05). Group Sham-V=sham surgerycontrol group created by surgical exposure of the left ureter and lowerpole of the kidney followed by closure of the incision; GroupUV=vehicle; Group UA=Compound I-32; Group UB=Compound I-1.

FIGS. 13H and 131 show representative images and quantification ofmacrophage infiltration in UUO kidneys using F4/80 staining. GroupUV=vehicle; Group UA=Compound I-32; Group UB=Compound I-1.

FIGS. 13J and 13K show representative images and quantification ofT-lymphocyte infiltration in UUO kidney using CD3 staining. GroupUV=vehicle; Group UA=Compound I-32; Group UB=Compound I-1.

FIG. 13L shows that body weight of mice in UUO mice. Group UV=vehicle;Group UA=Compound I-32; Group UB=Compound I-1.

FIG. 13M shows systolic blood pressure in UUO mice. Inhibitor A=CompoundI-32; Inhibitor B=Compound I-1.

FIG. 14 shows suppression of LPS-induced glycolysis by treatment of bonemarrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) with Compound I-1. Differentiatedbone marrow derived macrophages were serum-starved for 2 hours thentreated with vehicle (Control), LPS (10 ng/mL) or LPS+ACLYi (I-1) for 4hours. Glycolytic rate was assessed using Seahorse bioanalyzer.

FIG. 15 shows suppression of the marker of inflammation, Il-6 mRNA, byCompound I-1 assessed by RT-qPCR.

FIG. 16 shows suppression of the marker of inflammation, Il-1b mRNA, byCompound I-1 assessed by RT-qPCR.

FIG. 17A shows an experimental protocol for assessing effects ofcompounds of the invention on liver de novo lipogenesis. FIG. 17Bdisplays hepatic de novo lipogenesis in mice treated with Compound I-1or Compound I-32 for 7 days. ¹⁴C-Labeled lipids from glucose in theliver tissue after treatment with 10, 30, or 60 mg/kg of either CompoundI-1 or Compound I-32 for seven days. Each bar represents the mean f theSEM, n=6-10. * indicates statistically different for vehicle group witha p-value <0.05.

FIGS. 18A-18C show effects of Compound I-1 or Compound I-32 on gasderminD (FIG. 18A), cleaved caspase 3 (FIG. 18B), and cleaved RIP 3 (FIG. 18C)measured by Western blot.

FIGS. 19A-19B display alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (FIG. 19A) andaspartate aminotransferase (AST) (FIG. 19B) plasma levels with CompoundI-1 or Compound I-32.

FIGS. 20A-20E shows liver weight (FIG. 20A), relative liver weight (FIG.20B), hepatic free fatty acids (FIG. 20C), triglycerides (FIG. 20D) andcholesterol (FIG. 20E) with Compound I-1 or Compound I-32.

FIGS. 21A-21B display liver expression of β-catenin (FIG. 21A) andHIF-1α genes (FIG. 21B) genes.

FIGS. 22A-22D show liver hepatocarcinoma gene expression of VEGFR1-3(FIG. 22A), FGFR-1 (FIG. 22B), p38 MAP kinase (FIG. 22C), RIPK4 (FIG.22D).

FIGS. 23A-23E display the plasma markers cholesterol (FIG. 23A), HDL(FIG. 23B), LDL (FIG. 23C), triglycerides (FIG. 23D), free fatty acids(FIG. 23E).

FIGS. 24A-24B display the plasma markers C-reactive protein CRP (FIG.24A) and Serum amyloid A protein SAA (FIG. 24B).

FIGS. 25A-25J shows that Compound I-32 (A) and Compound I-1 (B) do notsignificantly affect platelet production. Compound I-32 (A) and CompoundI-1 (B) were added to expanded HSPC at day 0 (FIGS. 25A-25E) as theywere cultured into megakaryocytes for 8 days or at day 6 (FIGS.25F-25J). CD41a cell count (FIG. 25A), CD41aCd42b+ cell count (FIG.25B), platelet levels (FIG. 25C), CD41a MFI (FIG. 25D) and CD41a FSCcell size (FIG. 25E) were analyzed at day 0. CD41a cell count (FIG.25F), CD41aCd42b+ cell count (FIG. 25G), platelet levels (FIG. 25H),CD41a MFI (FIG. 25I) and CD41a FSC cell size (FIG. 25J) were analyzed atday 6.

FIG. 26 shows the study design for pharmacokinetic experiment (Example15).

FIG. 27 displays mean (+SEM) concentrations (ng/mL) of Compound I-32 inmale mouse plasma following a single or repeated oral gavageadministration. QDx1=once daily, single dose; QDx4=once daily for 4consecutive days.

FIG. 28 displays mean (+SEM) concentrations (ng/g) of Compound I-32 inmale mouse liver following a single or repeated oral gavageadministration. QDx1=once daily, single dose; QDx4=once daily for 4consecutive days.

FIG. 29 displays mean (+SEM) concentrations (ng/g) of Compound I-32 inmale mouse brain following a single or repeated oral gavageadministration. QDx1=once daily, single dose; QDx4=once daily for 4consecutive days.

FIG. 30 shows mean (+SEM) concentrations (ng/mL) of Compound I-1 in malemouse plasma following a single or repeated oral gavage administration.QDx1=once daily, single dose; QDx4=once daily for 4 consecutive days.

FIG. 31 shows mean (+SEM) concentrations (ng/g) of Compound I-1 in malemouse liver following a single or repeated oral gavage administration.QDx1=once daily, single dose; QDx4=once daily for 4 consecutive days.

FIG. 32 shows mean (+SEM) Concentrations (ng/g) of Compound I-1 in malemouse brain following a single or repeated oral gavage administration.QDx1=once daily, single dose; QDx4=once daily for 4 consecutive days.

FIG. 33 shows an experimental protocol for NASH-HCC model study (Example17).

FIG. 34A shows plasma AFP values in mouse plasma before initiatingtreatments (n=11-12 per group).

FIGS. 34B-34C shows tumor burden in diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-inducedNASH-HCC murine model treated daily with Compound I-1 or Compound I-32for 4 weeks. Representative images (FIG. 34B) and number of visiblesurface tumors (FIG. 34C) on livers of DEN-treated mice maintained on ahigh-fat and fructose diet and housed at thermoneutrality for 9 months(n=11-12 mice per group). Each bar represents the mean f the SEM,n=11-12. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001 vs. vehiclecontrol, one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's post hoc test.

FIGS. 34D-34E display alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (FIG. 34D) andaspartate aminotransferase (AST) (FIG. 34E) levels in the plasmadiethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced NASH-HCC mice after being treated with30 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg of Compound I-1 or Compound I-32 for 4 weeks. Eachbar represents the mean f the SEM, n=11-12. *p<0.05, **p<0.01,***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001 vs. vehicle control, One-way Anova followed byDunnett's multiple.

FIGS. 35A-35E show histological analysis of livers treated daily withCompound I-1 or Compound I-32 for 4 weeks. Histological scores forsteatosis (FIG. 35A), ballooning degeneration (FIG. 35B), inflammation(FIG. 35C), NAS (FIG. 35D), and fibrosis (FIG. 35E) in liver sectionsfrom 9 months old DEN injected NASH-HCC mice treated with 30 mg/kg or100 mg/kg of Compound I-1 or Compound I-32. Each bar represents the meanf the SEM, n=11-12. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001 vs.vehicle control, one-way Anova followed by Dunnett's multiple.

FIG. 36 show anti-proliferative effect of illustrative compounds of theinvention in Hep3B cells.

FIG. 37 show anti-proliferative effect of illustrative compounds of theinvention in Hepa1-6 cells.

FIGS. 38A-38B show anti-clonogenic effect of illustrative compounds ofthe invention in Hep3B cells (FIG. 38A) and Hepa1-6 cells (FIG. 38B).

FIGS. 39A-39B display anti-proliferation effect of Compound I-I (FIG.39A) and Compound I-32 (FIG. 39B) with or without regorafenib (1.5 μM)in Hep3B cells. Each bar represents the mean f the SEM, n=5. *p<0.03,**p<0.002, ***p<0.0002, ****p<0.0001, One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey'smultiple comparison.

FIGS. 40A-40B display anti-proliferation effect of Compound I-I (FIG.40A) and Compound I-32 (FIG. 40B) with or without regorafenib (5 μM) inHepa1-6 cells. *p<0.03, **p<0.002, ***p<0.0002, ****p<0.0001, One-wayANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison.

FIGS. 41A-41B show drug interaction effect of Compound I-32 (FIG. 41A)and Compound I-I (FIG. 41B) in combination with regorafenib in Hep3Bcell proliferation. In FIG. 41A, “1+0.015 (μM)” means 1 μM CompoundI-32+0.015 μM regorafenib, etc. In FIG. 41B, “1+0.015 (μM)” means 1 μMCompound I-1+0.015 μM regorafenib, etc.

FIGS. 42A-42B show drug interaction effect of Compound I-32 (FIG. 42A)and Compound I-I (FIG. 42B) in combination with regorafenib in Hepa1-6cell proliferation. In FIG. 42A, “1+0.05 (μM)” means 1 μM CompoundI-32+0.05 μM regorafenib, etc. In FIG. 42B, “1+0.05 (μM)” means 1 μMCompound I-1+0.05 μM regorafenib, etc.

FIG. 43A shows Hep3B cell proliferation (as a percent of control) forcontrol (Hep3B cell media containing 0.2% DMSO), Compound I-1 (100 μM),sorafenib (3 μM), and Compound I-1 (100 μM) in combination withsorafenib (3 μM). FIG. 43B shows Hep3B cell proliferation (as a percentof control) for control (Hep3B cell media containing 0.2% DMSO),Compound I-1 (100 μM), lenvatinib (3 μM), and Compound I-1 (100 μM) incombination with lenvatinib (3 μM). FIG. 43C shows Hep3B cellproliferation (as a percent of control) for control (Hep3B cell mediacontaining 0.2% DMSO), Compound I-32 (100 μM), sorafenib (3 μM), andCompound I-32 (100 μM) in combination with sorafenib (3 μM). FIG. 43Dshows Hep3B cell proliferation (as a percent of control) for control(Hep3B cell media containing 0.2% DMSO), Compound I-32 (100 μM),lenvatinib (3 μM), and Compound I-32 (100 μM) in combination withlenvatinib (3 μM). FIG. 43E shows Hep3B cell proliferation (as a percentof control) for Compound I-84 (0.1 μM, 0.5 μM, 1 μM, 5 μM, 10 μM, 30 μM,50 μM and 100 μM) after incubation for 72 h. FIG. 43F shows Hep3B cellproliferation (as a percent of control) for Compound I-85 (0.1 μM, 0.5μM, 1 μM, 5 μM, 10 μM, 30 μM, 50 μM and 100 μM) after incubation for 72h.

FIGS. 44A-44D show drug interaction effects of Compound 1-32 andCompound I-I in combination with sorafenib and lenvatinib, as follows:FIG. 44A shows synergism of Compound I-1 in combination with sorafenibat various concentrations in Hep3B cells. In FIG. 44A, “1+0.03 (μM)”means 1 μM Compound I-1+0.03 μM sorafenib, etc. FIG. 44B shows synergismof Compound I-1 in combination with lenvatinib at various concentrationsin Hep3B cells. In FIG. 44B, “1+0.005 (μM)” means 1 μM CompoundI-1+0.005 μM lenvatinib, etc. FIG. 44C shows synergism of Compound I-32in combination with sorafenib at all tested concentrations of CompoundI-32 and sorafenib in Hep3B cells. In FIG. 44C, “1+0.03 (μM)” means 1 μMCompound I-32+0.03 μM sorafenib, etc. FIG. 44D shows synergism ofCompound I-32 in combination with lenvatinib at various concentrationsin Hep3B cells. In FIG. 44D, “1+0.005 (μM)” means 1 μM CompoundI-32+0.005 μM lenvatinib, etc.

FIG. 45A shows Hepa1-6 cell proliferation (as a percent of control) forcontrol (Hepa1-6 cell media containing 0.2% DMSO), Compound I-1 (100μM), sorafenib (5 μM), and Compound I-1 (100 μM) in combination withsorafenib (5 μM). FIG. 45B shows Hepa1-6 cell proliferation (as apercent of control) for control (Hepa1-6 cell media containing 0.2%DMSO), Compound I-1 (100 μM), lenvatinib (30 μM), and Compound I-1 (100μM) in combination with lenvatinib (30 μM). FIG. 45C shows Hepa1-6 cellproliferation (as a percent of control) for control (Hepa1-6 cell mediacontaining 0.2% DMSO), Compound I-32 (100 μM), sorafenib (5 μM), andCompound I-32 (100 μM) in combination with sorafenib (5 μM). FIG. 45Dshows Hepa1-6 cell proliferation (as a percent of control) for control(Hepa1-6 cell media containing 0.2% DMSO), Compound I-32 (100 μM),lenvatinib (30 μM), and Compound I-32 (100 μM) in combination withlenvatinib (30 μM). FIG. 45E shows Hepa1-6 cell proliferation (as apercent of control) for Compound I-84 (0.1 μM, 0.5 μM, 1 μM, 5 μM, 10μM, 30 μM, 50 μM and 100 μM) after incubation for 72 h. FIG. 45F showsHepa1-6 cell proliferation (as a percent of control) for Compound I-85(0.1 μM, 0.5 μM, 1 μM, 5 μM, 10 μM, 30 μM, 50 μM and 100 μM) afterincubation for 72 h.

FIG. 46A shows synergism of Compound I-1 in combination with sorafenibat all tested concentrations of Compound I-1 and sorafenib in Hepa1-6cells. In FIG. 46A, “1+0.05 (μM)” means 1 μM Compound I-1+0.05 μMsorafenib, etc. FIG. 46B shows synergism of Compound I-1 in combinationwith lenvatinib at all tested concentrations of Compound I-1 andlenvatinib in Hepa1-6 cells. In FIG. 46B, “1+0.3 (μM)” means 1 μMCompound I-1+0.3 μM lenvatinib, etc. FIG. 46C shows synergism ofCompound I-32 in combination with sorafenib at various concentrations inHepa1-6 cells. In FIG. 46C, “1+0.05 (μM)” means 1 μM Compound I-32+0.05μM sorafenib, etc. FIG. 46D shows synergism of Compound I-32 incombination with lenvatinib at all tested concentrations of CompoundI-32 and lenvatinib in Hepa1-6 cells. In FIG. 46D, “1+0.3 (μM)” means 1μM Compound I-32+0.3 μM lenvatinib, etc.

FIGS. 47A-47B show the effects of Compound I-1 and Compound I-32 onrespiratory exchange ratio (RER) in C57Bl/6 mice fed a high fructosediet. FIG. 47A shows results as % change in RER compared to the 0 hrvehicle control. FIG. 47B shows % change in RER in each group comparedto their respective 0 hr timepoint. * indicates significant differencefrom vehicle control, p<0.05.

FIGS. 48A-48B show the effects of Compound I-1 and Compound I-32 on heatproduction in high fructose-fed C57Bl/6 mice up to 24 hr followingtreatment with Compound I-1 or Compound I-32. FIG. 48A shows totalvalues (day and night) of heat production and FIG. 48B shows heatproduction values during the day compared to the night.

FIGS. 49A-49B show the effects of Compound I-1 and Compound I-32 onlocomotor activity, calculated as the total number of beam breaks ineach cage over 24-hour period, in fructose-fed C57Bl/6 mice. FIG. 49Ashows total values, and FIG. 49B values during the day compared to thenight up to 24 hr (day+night). * indicates significant difference fromvehicle control, p<0.05.

FIGS. 50A-50B show the effects of Compound I-1 and Compound I-32 on foodintake. FIG. 50A shows total food intake values (day and night) and FIG.50B shows food intake values during the day compared to the night.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions

The term “about” when immediately preceding a numerical value means ± upto 20% of the numerical value. For example, “about” a numerical valuemeans ± up to 20% of the numerical value, in some embodiments, ±up to19%, ±up to 18%, ±up to 17%, ±up to 16%, ±up to 15%, ±up to 14%, ±up to13%, ±up to 12%, ±up to 11%, ±up to 10%, ±up to 9%, ±up to 8%, ±up to7%, ±up to 6%, ±up to 5%, ±up to 4%, ±up to 3%, ±up to 2%, ±up to 1%,±up to less than 1%, or any other value or range of values therein.

Throughout the present specification, numerical ranges are provided forcertain quantities. These ranges comprise all subranges therein. Thus,the range “from 50 to 80” includes all possible ranges therein (e.g.,51-79, 52-78, 53-77, 54-76, 55-75, 60-70, etc.). Furthermore, all valueswithin a given range may be an endpoint for the range encompassedthereby (e.g., the range 50-80 includes the ranges with endpoints suchas 55-80, 50-75, etc.). The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt”includes both an acid and a base addition salt.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be obtained by reacting thecompound of the invention having a basic, e.g., an amino group, with aninorganic or organic acid to form a salt, for example, a salt ofhydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid,benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid,oxalic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, formic acid,hydrobromic acid, benzoic acid, tartaric acid, fumaric acid, salicylicacid, mandelic acid, carbonic acid, etc. Pharmaceutically acceptablesalts can also be obtained by reacting a compound of the inventionhaving an acidic, e.g., a carboxyl, group with an inorganic or organicbase to form a salt, for example, a salt of sodium, potassium, lithium,ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum,ammonia, isopropylamine, trimethylamine, etc. In some embodiments, thepharmaceutically acceptable salt is a sodium salt, potassium salt, acalcium salt, an ammonium salt, or magnesium salt. In some embodiments,the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a zinc salt. Pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts can also be obtained by reacting a compound of theinvention having an acidic, e.g., a carboxyl, group with a basic aminoacid, including but not limited to a D,L-amino acid, an L-amino acid,and a D-amino acids. Basic amino acids useful for preparingpharmaceutically acceptable salts can be natural amino acids, orsynthetic amino acids. In some embodiments, the basic amino acidsinclude, but are not limited to, histidine (H), arginine (R), lysine(K), glutamine (Q), 2,3-diaminopropionic acid (Dpr), ornithine (Orn),homoarginine (hArg), 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (Dbu), 2,3-diaminobutyricacid (Dab), or p-aminophenylalanine (Phe(p-NH₂)). In some embodiments,the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a meglumine(N-methyl-D-glucamine) salt, an eglumine (N-ethyl-D-glucamine) salt,D-glucamine salt, glucosamine salt, a choline salt, a lysine salt, anarginine salt, a histidine salt, or a glutamine salt. In someembodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is an L-lysine salt,an L-arginine salt, an L-histidine salt, or an L-glutamine salt. Thoseskilled in the art will further recognize that pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts can be prepared by reaction of the compounds of theinvention with an appropriate inorganic or organic acid or base via anyof a number of known methods.

The term “solvate” refers to a solvation complex. Solvates can be formedby solvation (the combination of solvent molecules with molecules orions of the compounds of the invention), or a solvate can be anaggregate that comprises a solute ion or molecule or a solventmolecules. The solvent can be water, in which case the solvate is ahydrate. Examples of hydrates include, but are not limited to, ahemihydrate, monohydrate, dihydrate, trihydrate, hexahydrate, etc. Thesolvate can be formed via hydration, including via absorption ofmoisture. A pharmaceutically acceptable salt can also be a solvate.Where a solvate is obtained via crystallization from a solvent, thesolvent can be an alcohol, such as methanol or ethanol; an aldehyde; aketone, such as acetone; or an ester, such as ethyl acetate.

The compounds of the invention can have one or more asymmetric centersand can thus be enantiomers, racemates, diastereomers, otherstereoisomers and mixtures thereof. The compounds of the inventioninclude all such possible isomers (including geometric isomers), as wellas their racemic and optically pure forms whether or not they arespecifically depicted herein. Optically active (+) and (−), (R)- and(S)-, or (D)- and (L)-isomers can be prepared using chiral synthons orchiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques, for example,chromatography and fractional crystallization. Conventional techniquesfor the preparation or isolation of individual enantiomers includechiral synthesis from a suitable optically pure precursor or resolutionof the racemate using, for example, chiral high pressure liquidchromatography (HPLC). When the compounds of the invention comprise anolefinic double bond or another center of geometric asymmetry, andunless specified otherwise, the compounds of the invention include bothE and Z geometric isomers. Likewise, the compounds of the inventioninclude all tautomeric forms.

An “effective amount” when used in connection with a compound of theinvention means an amount of the compound of the invention that, whenadministered to a subject is effective in a method of the invention,alone or with another pharmaceutically active agent.

An “effective amount” when used in connection with anotherpharmaceutically active agent means an amount of the otherpharmaceutically active agent that is effective in a composition of theinvention or method of the invention, alone or in combination with acompound of the invention.

A “subject” is a human or non-human mammal, e.g., a bovine, horse,feline, canine, rodent, or non-human primate. The human can be a male orfemale, child, adolescent or adult. The female can be premenarcheal orpostmenarcheal.

“Mammal” includes a human, domestic animal such as a laboratory animal(e.g., mouse, rat, rabbit, monkey, dog, etc.) and household pet (e.g.,cat, dog, swine, cattle, sheep, goat, horse, rabbit), and anon-domestic, wild animal.

All weight percentages (i.e., “% by weight” and “wt. %” and w/w)referenced herein, unless otherwise indicated, are relative to the totalweight of the mixture or composition, as the case may be.

The terms below, as used herein, have the following meanings, unlessindicated otherwise:

“Halo”, “Hal”, or “halogen” refers to Br, Cl, F, or I.

“Alkyl” refers to a fully saturated, straight or branched hydrocarbonchain having from one to twelve carbon atoms, and which is attached toan atom by a single bond. Alkyls with a number of carbon atoms rangingfrom 1 to 12 are included. An alkyl group with 1 to 12 carbon atoms is aC₁-C₁₂ alkyl, an alkyl group with 1 to 10 carbon atoms is a C₁-C₁₀alkyl, an alkyl group with 1 to 6 carbon atoms is a C₁-C₆ alkyl and analkyl group with 1 to 5 carbon atoms is a C₁-C₅ alkyl. A C₁-C₅ alkylincludes C₅ alkyls, C₄ alkyls, C₃ alkyls, C₂ alkyls and C₁ alkyl (i.e.,methyl). A C₁-C₆ alkyl includes all moieties described above for C₁-C₅alkyls but also includes C₆ alkyls. A C₁-C₁₀ alkyl includes all moietiesdescribed above for C₁-C₅ alkyls and C₁-C₆ alkyls, but also includes C₇,C₈, C₉ and C₁₀ alkyls. Similarly, a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl includes all theforegoing moieties, but also includes C₁₁ and C₁₂ alkyls. Non-limitingexamples of C₁-C₁₂ alkyl include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl,sec-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, t-amyl,n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, n-undecyl, and n-dodecyl.Unless stated otherwise, an alkyl group can be unsubstituted orsubstituted with a substituent disclosed herein.

“Alkylene” refers to a fully saturated, straight or branched divalenthydrocarbon, and having from one to twelve carbon atoms. Non-limitingexamples of C₁-C₁₂ alkylene include methylene, ethylene, propylene,n-butylene, and the like. Each alkylene terminus is attached to an atomby a single bond. The points of attachment of the alkylene chain can beone or two atoms. Unless stated otherwise, an alkylene chain can beunsubstituted or substituted with a substituent disclosed herein.

“Alkenyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain having fromtwo to twelve carbon atoms and having one or more carbon-carbon doublebonds. Each alkenyl group is attached to an atom by a single bond.Alkenyl groups with a number of carbon atoms ranging from 2 to 12 areincluded. An alkenyl group with 2 to 12 carbon atoms is a C₂-C₁₂alkenyl, an alkenyl group with 2 to 10 carbon atoms is a C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl,an alkenyl group with 2 to 6 carbon atoms is a C₂-C₆ alkenyl and analkenyl group with 2 to 5 carbon atoms is a C₂-C₅ alkenyl. A C₂-C₅alkenyl includes C₅ alkenyls, C₄ alkenyls, C₃ alkenyls, and C₂ alkenyls.A C₂-C₆ alkenyl includes all moieties described above for C₂-C₅ alkenylsbut also includes C₆ alkenyls. A C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl includes all moietiesdescribed above for C₂-C₅ alkenyls and C₂-C₆ alkenyls, but also includesC₇, C₈, C₉ and C₁₀ alkenyls. Similarly, a C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl includes allthe foregoing moieties, but also includes C₁₁ and C₁₂ alkenyls.Non-limiting examples of C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl include ethenyl (vinyl),1-propenyl, 2-propenyl (allyl), iso-propenyl, 2-methyl-1-propenyl,1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl,4-pentenyl, 1-hexenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 4-hexenyl, 5-hexenyl,1-heptenyl, 2-heptenyl, 3-heptenyl, 4-heptenyl, 5-heptenyl, 6-heptenyl,1-octenyl, 2-octenyl, 3-octenyl, 4-octenyl, 5-octenyl, 6-octenyl,7-octenyl, 1-nonenyl, 2-nonenyl, 3-nonenyl, 4-nonenyl, 5-nonenyl,6-nonenyl, 7-nonenyl, 8-nonenyl, 1-decenyl, 2-decenyl, 3-decenyl,4-decenyl, 5-decenyl, 6-decenyl, 7-decenyl, 8-decenyl, 9-decenyl,1-undecenyl, 2-undecenyl, 3-undecenyl, 4-undecenyl, 5-undecenyl,6-undecenyl, 7-undecenyl, 8-undecenyl, 9-undecenyl, 10-undecenyl,1-dodecenyl, 2-dodecenyl, 3-dodecenyl, 4-dodecenyl, 5-dodecenyl,6-dodecenyl, 7-dodecenyl, 8-dodecenyl, 9-dodecenyl, 10-dodecenyl, and11-dodecenyl. Unless stated otherwise, an alkyl group can beunsubstituted or substituted with a substituent disclosed herein.

“Alkenylene” refers to a straight or branched divalent hydrocarbon chainradical, having from two to twelve carbon atoms, and having one or morecarbon-carbon double bonds. Non-limiting examples of C₂-C₁₂ alkenyleneinclude ethenylene, propenylene, butenylene, and the like. Each terminusof the alkenylene chain is attached to an atom by a single bond. Thepoints of attachment of the alkenylene chain can be through one twoatoms. Unless stated otherwise, an alkenylene chain can be unsubstitutedor substituted with a substituent disclosed herein.

“Alkynyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radicalhaving from two to twelve carbon atoms and having one or morecarbon-carbon triple bonds. Each alkynyl group is attached to an atom bya single bond. Alkynyl groups with a number of carbon atoms ranging from2 to 12 are included. An alkynyl group having 2 to 12 carbon atoms is aC₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, an alkynyl group with 2 to 10 carbon atoms is a C₂-C₁₀alkynyl, an alkynyl group with 2 to 6 carbon atoms is a C₂-C₆ alkynyland an alkynyl group with 2 to 5 carbon atoms is a C₂-C₅ alkynyl. AC₂-C₅ alkynyl includes C₅ alkynyls, C₄ alkynyls, C₃ alkynyls, and C₂alkynyls. A C₂-C₆ alkynyl includes all moieties described above forC₂-C₅ alkynyls but also includes C₆ alkynyls. A C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl includesall moieties described above for C₂-C₅ alkynyls and C₂-C₆ alkynyls, butalso includes C₇, C₈, C₉ and C₁₀ alkynyls. Similarly, a C₂-C₁₂ alkynylincludes all the foregoing moieties, but also includes C₁₁ and C₁₂alkynyls. Non-limiting examples of C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl include ethynyl,propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl and the like. Unless stated otherwise, analkyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with a substituentdisclosed herein.

“Alkynylene” refers to a straight or branched divalent hydrocarbon chainradical, having from two to twelve carbon atoms, and having one or morecarbon-carbon triple bonds. Non-limiting examples of C₂-C₁₂ alkynyleneinclude ethynylene, propynylene, butynylene, and the like. Each terminusof the alkynylene chain is attached to an atom through a single bond.The points of attachment of the alkynylene chain can be through one ortwo atoms. Unless stated otherwise, an alkynylene chain can beunsubstituted or substituted with a substituent disclosed herein.

“Alkoxy” refers to a radical of the formula —OR_(a) where R_(a) is analkyl, alkenyl or alknyl radical as defined herein. Unless statedotherwise, an alkoxy group can be unsubstituted or substituted with asubstituent disclosed herein.

“Aryl” refers to a hydrocarbon ring system radical comprising hydrogen,6 to 18 carbon atoms and at least one aromatic ring. The aryl radicalcan be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system,which can include fused or bridged ring systems. Aryl radicals include,but are not limited to, aceanthrylenyl, acenaphthylenyl,acephenanthrylenyl, anthracenyl, azulenyl, chrysenyl, fluoranthenyl,fluorenyl, as-indacenyl, s-indacenyl, indanyl, indenyl, naphthalenyl,phenalenyl, phenanthrenyl, phenyl, pleiadenyl, pyrenyl, andtriphenylenyl. Unless stated otherwise, the aryl can be unsubstituted orsubstituted with a substituent disclosed herein.

“Arylene” refers to a divalent aryl group, wherein the aryl is asdefined herein. Unless stated otherwise, an arylene group can beunsubstituted or substituted with a substituent disclosed herein.

“Arylalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R_(b)—R_(c) where R_(b)is an alkylene group as defined herein and R_(c) is an aryl radical asdefined herein, for example, benzyl, diphenylmethyl and the like. Unlessstated otherwise, an arylalkyl group can be unsubstituted or substitutedwith a substituent disclosed herein. “Arylalkenyl” refers to a radicalof the formula —R_(b)—R_(c) where R_(b) is an alkenylene group asdefined herein and R_(c) is an aryl radical as defined herein. Unlessstated otherwise, an arylalkenyl group can be unsubstituted orsubstituted with a substituent disclosed herein.

“Arylalkynyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R_(b)—R_(c) whereR_(b) is an alkynylene group as defined herein and R_(c) is an arylradical as defined herein. Unless stated otherwise, an arylalkynyl groupcan be unsubstituted or substituted with a substituent disclosed herein.

“Cycloalkyl” refers to a non-aromatic monocyclic or polycyclic fullysaturated hydrocarbon radical consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms,which can include fused or bridged ring systems, having from three totwenty carbon atoms, preferably having from three to ten carbon atoms,and which is attached to an atom by a single bond. Monocyclic cycloalkylradicals include, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl. Polycyclic cycloalkyl radicalsinclude, for example, adamantyl, norbornyl, decalinyl,7,7-dimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, and the like. Unless statedotherwise, a cycloalkyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with asubstituent disclosed herein.

“Aryloxy” refers to a radical of the formula —O(aryl), wherein the arylradical is as defined herein. Aryloxy includes, but are is not limitedto, phenoxy (—O(phenyl)). Unless stated otherwise, an aryloxy group canbe unsubstituted or substituted with a substituent disclosed herein.

“Cycloalkenyl” refers to a non-aromatic monocyclic or polycyclichydrocarbon radical consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms and havingone or more carbon-carbon double bonds. Cycloalkenyl can include fusedor bridged ring systems, having from three to twenty carbon atoms, insome embodiments having from three to ten carbon atoms. A cycloalkenylgroup is attached to an atom by a single bond. Monocyclic cycloalkenylradicals include, for example, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl,cycloheptenyl, cycloctenyl, and the like. Polycyclic cycloalkenylradicals include, for example, bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-enyl and the like.Unless stated otherwise, a cycloalkenyl group can be unsubstituted orsubstituted with a substituent disclosed herein.

“Cycloalkynyl” refers to a non-aromatic monocyclic or polycyclichydrocarbon radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms,having one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds, which can include fusedor bridged ring systems, having from five to twenty carbon atoms, insome embodiments having from five to ten carbon atoms, and which isattached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond. Monocycliccycloalkynyl radicals include, for example, cycloheptynyl, cyclooctynyl,and the like. Unless stated otherwise, a cycloalkynyl group can beunsubstituted or substituted with a substituent disclosed herein.

“Cycloalkylalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R_(b)—R_(d) whereR_(b) is an alkylene group as defined herein and R_(d) is a cycloalkylradical as defined herein. Unless stated otherwise, a cycloalkylalkylgroup can be unsubstituted or substituted with a substituent disclosedherein. “Cycloalkylalkenyl” refers to a radical of the formula—R_(b)—R_(d) where R_(b) is an alkenylene group as defined herein andR_(d) is a cycloalkyl radical as defined herein. Unless statedotherwise, a cycloalkylalkenyl group can be unsubstituted or substitutedwith a substituent disclosed herein. “Cycloalkylalkynyl” refers to aradical of the formula —R_(b)—R_(d) where R_(b) is an alkynylene groupas defined herein and R_(d) is a cycloalkyl radical as defined herein.Unless stated otherwise, a cycloalkylalkynyl group can be unsubstitutedor substituted with a substituent disclosed herein.

“Cycloalkenylalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R_(b)—R_(d)where R_(b) is an alkylene group as defined herein and R_(d) is acycloalkenyl radical as defined herein. Unless stated otherwise, acycloalkenylalkyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with asubstituent disclosed herein. “Cycloalkenylalkenyl” refers to a radicalof the formula —R_(b)—R_(d) where R_(b) is an alkenylene group asdefined herein and R_(d) is a cycloalkyl radical as defined herein.Unless stated otherwise, a cycloalkenylalkenyl group can beunsubstituted or substituted with a substituent disclosed herein.“Cycloalkenylalkynyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R_(b)—R_(d)where R_(b) is an alkynylene group as defined herein and R_(d) is acycloalkyl radical as defined herein. Unless stated otherwise, acycloalkenylalkynyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with asubstituent disclosed herein.

“Cycloalkynylalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R_(b)—R_(d)where R_(b) is an alkylene group as defined herein and R_(d) is acycloalkynyl radical as defined herein. Unless stated otherwise, acycloalkynylalkyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with asubstituent disclosed herein. “Cycloalkynylalkenyl” refers to a radicalof the formula —R_(b)—R_(d) where R_(b) is an alkenylene group asdefined herein and R_(d) is a cycloalkyl radical as defined herein.Unless stated otherwise, a cycloalkynylalkenyl group can beunsubstituted or substituted with a substituent disclosed herein.“Cycloalkynylalkynyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R_(b)—R_(d)where R_(b) is an alkynylene group as defined herein and R_(d) is acycloalkyl radical as defined herein. Unless stated otherwise, acycloalkynylalkynyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with asubstituent disclosed herein.

“Carbocyclyl,” “carbocyclic ring” or “carbocycle” refers to a ringstructure, wherein the atoms which form the ring are each carbon. Thecarbocyclyl, carbocyclic ring or carbocycle can comprise from 3 to 20carbon atoms in the ring. The carbocyclyl, carbocyclic ring orcarbocycle includes aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl and cycloalkynyl asdefined herein. The carbocyclyl, carbocyclic ring or carbocycle can be amonocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which caninclude fused, bridged, and spiral ring systems. Unless statedotherwise, a carbocyclyl group, carbocyclic ring or carbocycle can beunsubstituted or substituted with a substituent disclosed herein.

“Haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl radical, as defined herein, that issubstituted by one or more halo radicals, as defined herein, e.g.,trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl,1,2-difluoroethyl, 3-bromo-2-fluoropropyl, 1,2-dibromoethyl, and thelike. Unless stated otherwise, a haloalkyl group can be unsubstituted orsubstituted with a substituent disclosed herein.

“Haloalkenyl” refers to an alkenyl radical, as defined herein, that issubstituted by one or more halo radicals, as defined herein, e.g.,1-fluoropropenyl, 1,1-difluorobutenyl, and the like. Unless statedotherwise, a haloalkenyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted witha substituent disclosed herein.

“Haloalkynyl” refers to an alkynyl radical, as defined herein, that issubstituted by one or more halo radicals, as defined herein, e.g.,1-fluoropropynyl, 1-fluorobutynyl, and the like. Unless statedotherwise, a haloalkenyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted witha substituent disclosed herein.

“Heterocyclyl” refers to a 3- to 20-membered non-aromatic, partiallyunsaturated, or aromatic ring radical which includes two to twelvecarbon atoms and from one to six nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur heteroatoms.Heterocycly include heteroaryls as defined herein. Unless statedotherwise, the heterocyclyl radical can be a monocyclic, bicyclic,tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which can include fused, bridged,and spiral ring systems; and the nitrogen, carbon or sulfur atoms in theheterocyclyl radical can be optionally oxidized; the nitrogen atom canbe optionally quaternized; and the heterocyclyl radical can be partiallyor fully saturated. Examples of heterocyclyl radicals include, but arenot limited to, dioxolanyl, thienyl[1,3]dithianyl, decahydroisoquinolyl,imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl,morpholinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl,2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperidinyl,piperazinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, quinuclidinyl,thiazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, trithianyl, tetrahydropyranyl,thiomorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, 1-oxo-thiomorpholinyl, and1,1-dioxo-thiomorpholinyl. Unless stated otherwise, a heterocyclyl groupcan be unsubstituted or substituted with a substituent disclosed herein.

“Heterocyclylalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R_(b)—R_(e)where R_(b) is an alkylene group as defined herein and R_(e) is aheterocyclyl radical as defined herein. Unless stated otherwise, aheterocyclylalkyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with asubstituent disclosed herein.

“Heterocyclylalkenyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R_(b)—R_(e)where R_(b) is an alkenylene group as defined herein and R_(e) is aheterocyclyl radical as defined herein. Unless stated otherwise, aheterocyclylalkenyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with asubstituent disclosed herein.

“Heterocyclylalkynyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R_(b)—R_(e)where R_(b) is an alkynylene group as defined herein and R_(e) is aheterocyclyl radical as defined herein. Unless stated otherwise, aheterocyclylalkynyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with asubstituent disclosed herein.

“N-heterocyclyl” refers to a heterocyclyl radical as defined hereinincluding at least one nitrogen and where the point of attachment of theheterocyclyl radical of an atom of a compound of the invention isthrough a nitrogen atom in the heterocyclyl radical. Unless statedotherwise, an N-heterocyclyl group can be unsubstituted or substitutedwith a substituent disclosed herein.

“Heteroaryl” refers to a 5- to 20-membered ring system radical includinghydrogen atoms, one to thirteen carbon atoms, one to six nitrogen,oxygen or sulfur heteroatoms, and at least one aromatic ring. Theheteroaryl radical can be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic ortetracyclic ring system, which can include fused or bridged ringsystems; and the nitrogen, carbon or sulfur atoms in the heteroarylradical can be optionally oxidized; the nitrogen atom can be optionallyquaternized. Examples of heteroaryl include, but are not limited to,azepinyl, acridinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzindolyl,benzodioxolyl, benzofuranyl, benzooxazolyl, benzothiazolyl,benzothiadiazolyl, benzo[b][1,4]dioxepinyl, 1,4-benzodioxanyl,benzonaphthofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxinyl,benzopyranyl, benzopyranonyl, benzofuranyl, benzofuranonyl, benzothienyl(benzothiophene), benzotriazolyl, benzo[4,6]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl,carbazolyl, cinnolinyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophene, furanyl,furanonyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl, indolyl, indazolyl,isoindolyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, isoquinolyl, indolizinyl,isoxazolyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, oxazolyl,oxiranyl, 1-oxidopyridinyl, 1-oxidopyrimidinyl, 1-oxidopyrazinyl,1-oxidopyridazinyl, 1-phenyl-1H-pyrrolyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl,phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl,pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, quinazolinyl,quinoxalinyl, quinolinyl, quinuclidinyl, isoquinolinyl,tetrahydroquinolinyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl,triazinyl, and thienyl). Unless stated otherwise, a heteroaryl group canbe unsubstituted or substituted.

“N-heteroaryl” refers to a heteroaryl radical as defined herein havingat least one nitrogen atom and where the point of attachment of theheteroaryl radical to an atom of the compound of the invention isthrough a nitrogen atom in the heteroaryl radical. Unless statedotherwise, an N-heteroaryl group can be unsubstituted or substitutedwith a substituent disclosed herein.

“Heteroarylalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R_(b)—R_(f) whereR_(b) is an alkylene chain as defined herein and R_(f) is a heteroarylradical as defined herein. Unless stated otherwise, a heteroarylalkylgroup can be unsubstituted or substituted with a substituent disclosedherein.

“Heteroarylalkenyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R_(b)—R_(f)where R_(b) is an alkenylene chain as defined herein and R_(f) is aheteroaryl radical as defined herein. Unless stated otherwise, aheteroarylalkenyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with asubstituent disclosed herein.

“Heteroarylalkynyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R_(b)—R_(f)where R_(b) is an alkynylene chain as defined herein and R_(f) is aheteroaryl radical as defined herein. Unless stated otherwise, aheteroarylalkynyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with asubstituent disclosed herein.

“Ring” refers to a cyclic group which can be saturated or include one ormore double or triple bonds. A ring can be monocyclic, bicyclic,tricyclic, or tetracyclic. Unless stated otherwise, a ring can beunsubstituted or substituted with a substituent disclosed herein.

“Thioalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula —SR_(a) where R_(a) is analkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl radical as defined herein. Unless statedotherwise, a thioalkyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with asubstituent disclosed herein.

“Ms” refers to a mesyl (methanesulfonyl)group.

“Ts” refers to a tosyl (4-toluenesulfonyl) group.

A group or radical disclosed herein can be substituted with one or moreof the following substitutents: a halogen atom such as F, Cl, Br, and I;a hydroxyl, alkoxy, or ester; thiol, thioalkyl, sulfone, sulfonyl, orsulfoxide; amine, amide, alkylamine, dialkylamine, arylamine,alkylarylamine, diarylamine, N-oxide, imide, and enamine; trialkylsilyl,dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, and triarylsilyl; and other groups,optionally including one or more heteroatoms.

In some embodiments, a group or radical disclosed herein isalternatively or additionally substituted with one or more of thefollowing substituents: oxo, carbonyl, carboxyl, or an ester group; oran imine, oxime, hydrazone, and nitrile.

In some embodiments, a group or radical disclosed herein isalternatively or additionally substituted with one or more of thefollowing substituents: an amino, cyano, hydroxyl, imino, nitro, oxo,thioxo, halo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, thioalkyl,aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl,cycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, heterocyclyl,N-heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, N-heteroaryl andheteroarylalkyl group, —NR_(g)R_(h), —NR_(g)C(═O)R_(h),—NR_(g)C(═O)NR_(g)R_(h), —NR_(g)C(═O)OR_(h), —NR_(g)SO₂R_(h),—OC(═O)NR_(g)R_(h), —OR_(g), —SR_(g), —SOR_(g), —SO₂R_(g), —OSO₂R_(g),—SO₂OR_(g), ═NSO₂R_(g), —SO₂NR_(g)R_(h), —C(═O)R_(g), —C(═O)OR_(g),—C(═O)NR_(g)R_(h), —CH₂SO₂R_(g) and —CH₂SO₂NR_(g)R_(h), wherein R_(g)and R_(h) are the same or different and independently hydrogen, alkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, thioalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl,cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, cycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl,haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, heterocyclyl, N-heterocyclyl,heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, N-heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, whereineach of the foregoing substituents is unsubstituted or substituted withone or more substituents disclosed herein.

As used herein, “isolated and purified” means isolated and purified froma chemical synthesis reaction mixture, from an organism that is or wasliving or from cells (e.g., biosynthesis) in vivo or in vitro. In someembodiments, an isolated and purified compound of the invention is atleast 90% pure. By “is at least x % pure” means that the compound of theinvention includes no more than (100−x) % of one or more othercompounds. In some embodiments, an isolated and purified compound, saltor solvate thereof, is at least 95% pure. In some embodiments, anisolated and purified compound, salt or solvate thereof, is at least96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% pure.

As used herein, the symbol

(a “point of attachment bond”) denotes a bond that is a point ofattachment between two chemical entities, one of which is depicted asbeing attached to the point of attachment bond and the other of which isnot depicted as being attached to the point of attachment bond. Forexample,

indicates that the chemical entity “XY” is bonded to another chemicalentity via the point of attachment bond.

A Coenzyme A (CoA) has the structure:

A CoA radical, which is denoted as “—CoA” herein has the followingstructure:

The Compounds of the Invention

CoA Ester Compounds of Formula (I)

In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is a compound ofFormula (I):

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,        wherein:    -   each p is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7;    -   each Z¹ and Z² is independently —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—X or        —W—(CH₂)_(c)—C(R³)(R⁴)—Y;    -   each c is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3;    -   each R¹ and R² is independently —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl,        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl, or each carbon atom together        with the R¹ and R² attached to the carbon atom independently        form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group;    -   each R³ and R⁴ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl,        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), phenyl, benzyl, Cl, Br, CN,        NO₂, or CF₃, or each carbon atom together with the R³ and R⁴        attached to the carbon atom independently form a —C₃-C₇        cycloalkyl group;    -   Q is independently —OH, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), phenoxy,        aryloxy, benzyl, —S-aryl, —SR^(1A), —NR^(1A)R^(2A), F, Cl, Br,        I, —CF₃, —COR^(1A), heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or —V—OH, or two Q        with each carbon atoms which it is attached together        independently form a heterocyclyl or a carbocyclyl group;    -   V is (CH₂)_(t) or arylene;    -   each R^(1A) and R^(2A) is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆        alkenyl, —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl;    -   t is, 1, 2, 3, or 4;    -   each X and Y is independently —OH, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CONH₂,        —CONHR⁵, —CONHMs, —CONHTs, —SO₃H,

-   -   each R⁶ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, wherein the —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two        halogen, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), or phenyl groups;    -   each R⁷ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl;    -   each W is independently —O—, —NH—, —N(OH)—, —N(→O)—, —S—,        —S(═O)—, —S(O)₂—, or —Se—;    -   each R⁵ is independently —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, —C₂-C₆        alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl, each being unsubstituted or        substituted with one or more halogen, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), or        phenyl groups; and    -   wherein one or both of Z¹ and Z² are        —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—CO—CoA, or one or both of Z¹ and Z² are        —W—(CH₂)_(c)—C(R³)(R⁴)—CO—CoA.

In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) has the structure ofFormula (IA), Formula (IB), or Formula (IC), or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof:

In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I), (IA), (IB), or(IC), one or both of Z¹ and Z² are —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—CO—CoA. In someembodiments, one or both of Z¹ and Z² are —W—(CH₂)_(c)—C(R³)(R⁴)—Co—CoA.

In some embodiments, of the compounds of Formula (I), (IA), (IB), or(IC), Z¹ is —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—CO—CoA and Z² is—C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—COOH or —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—COOR⁵.

In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I), (IA), (IB), or(IC), each R¹ and R² is independently —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or—C₂-C₆ alkynyl. In some embodiments, each R¹ and R² is independently—C₁-C₃ alkyl, —C₂-C₃ alkenyl, or —C₂-C₃ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R¹and R² are methyl.

In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I), (IA), (IB), or(IC), Z¹ is —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—CO—CoA and Z² is—C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—X, where X is —CO—CoA, —COOH or —COOR⁵, and R¹ andR² are methyl.

In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I), (IA), (IB), or(IC), c is 0 or 1. In some embodiments, c is 0. In some embodiments, cis 1. In some embodiments, c is 2. In some embodiments, c is 3.

In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I), (IA), (IB), or(IC), each carbon atom together with the R¹ and R² attached to thecarbon atom independently form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group. In someembodiments, each carbon atom together with the R¹ and R² attached tothe carbon atom independently form a cyclopropyl ring.

In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I), (IA), (IB), or(IC), at least one R¹ and one R² together with the carbon atom to whichthey are attached form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group. In some embodiments,at least one R¹ and one R² together with the carbon atom to which theyare attached form a cyclopropyl ring.

In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I), (IA), (IB), or(IC), R³ and R⁴ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or—C₂-C₆ alkynyl.

In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I), (IA), (IB), or(IC), Y is —COOH or —COOR⁵.

In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I), (IA), (IB), or(IC), R⁵ is —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂-C₆ alkynyl. In someembodiments, R⁵ is —C₁-C₃ alkyl, —C₂-C₃ alkenyl, or —C₂-C₃ alkynyl.

In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I), (IA), (IB), or(IC), p is 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7. In some embodiments, p is 4, 5, 6, or 7.

In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I), (IA), (IB), or(IC), Z¹ is —W—(CH₂)_(c)—C(R³)(R⁴)—CO—CoA, Z² is—W—(CH₂)_(c)—C(R³)(R⁴)—Y, and R³ and R⁴ is independently H, —C₁-C₆alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂-C₆ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Z¹ is—W—(CH₂)_(c)—C(R³)(R⁴)—CO—CoA, Z² is —W—(CH₂)_(c)—C(R³)(R⁴)—Y, and Y is—CO—CoA, —COOH or —COOR⁵. In some embodiments, Z¹ is—W—(CH₂)_(c)—(R³)(R⁴)—CO—CoA, Z² is —W—(CH₂)_(c)—C(R³)(R⁴)—Y, Y is—CO—CoA, —COOH or —COOR⁵, and R⁵ is —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or—C₂-C₆ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Z¹ is —W—(CH₂)_(c)—(R³)(R⁴)—CO—CoA,Z² is —W—(CH₂)_(c)—(R³)(R⁴)—Y, Y is —CO—CoA, —COOH or —COOR⁵, and R⁵ is—C₁-C₃ alkyl, —C₂-C₃ alkenyl, or —C₂-C₃ alkynyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (IA), (IB), or (IC),Q is independently methyl, methoxy, or —OH. In some embodiments, Q ismethyl or —OH.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (IA), (IB), or (IC),t is 0. In some embodiments, t is 1. In some embodiments, t is 2. Insome embodiments, t is 3.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) or (IA) has any one ofthe structures shown in Table A-i, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltor solvate thereof.

TABLE A-1 Compound No. Structure and Name III-1-CoA

III-1-(CoA)₂

I-1-CoA

I-1-(CoA)₂

I-2A-CoA

I-2B-CoA

I-2-(CoA)₂

I-3-CoA

I-3-(CoA)₂

I-4A-CoA

I-4B-CoA

I-4-(CoA)₂

I-5A-CoA

I-5B-CoA

I-5-(CoA)₂

I-6A-CoA

I-6B-CoA

I-6-(CoA)₂

I-7-CoA

I-7-(CoA)₂

I-8A-CoA

I-8B-CoA

I-8-(CoA)₂

I-9A-CoA

I-9B-CoA

I-9-(CoA)₂

I-10A-CoA

I-10B-CoA

I-10-(CoA)₂

I-78-CoA

I-78-(CoA)₂

I-79A-CoA

I-79B-CoA

I-79-(CoA)₂

I-80A-CoA

I-80B-CoA

I-80-(CoA)₂

I-81-CoA

I-81-(CoA)₂

I-82-CoA

I-82-(CoA)₂

I-84-CoA

I-84-(CoA)₂

I-87A-CoA

I-87B-CoA

I-87-(CoA)₂

I-88-CoA

I-88-(CoA)₂

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) or (IB) has any one ofthe structures shown in Table A-2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltor solvate thereof.

TABLE A-2 Compound No. Structure and Name I-31-CoA

I-31-(CoA)₂

I-32-CoA

I-32-(CoA)₂

I-33A-CoA

I-33B-CoA

I-33-(CoA)₂

I-34-CoA

I-34-(CoA)₂

I-35A-CoA

I-35B-CoA

I-35-(CoA)₂

I-36-CoA

I-36-(CoA)₂

I-37A-CoA

I-37B-CoA

I-37-(CoA)₂

I-38-CoA

I-38-(CoA)₂

I-39A-CoA

I-39B-CoA

I-39-(CoA)₂

I-40A-CoA

I-40B-CoA

I-40-(CoA)₂

I-41A-CoA

I-41B-CoA

I-41-(CoA)₂

I-42A-CoA

I-42B-CoA

I-42-(CoA)₂

I-43-CoA

I-43-(CoA)₂

I-44A-CoA

I-44B-CoA

I-44-(CoA)₂

I-45-CoA

I-45-(CoA)₂

I-46A-CoA

I-46B-CoA

I-46-(CoA)₂

I-47A-CoA

I-47B-CoA

I-47-(CoA)₂

I-48A-CoA

I-48B-CoA

I-48-(CoA)₂

I-49A-CoA

I-49B-CoA

I-49-(CoA)₂

I-50A-CoA

I-50B-CoA

I-50-(CoA)₂

I-51-CoA

I-51-(CoA)₂

I-85-CoA

I-85-(CoA)₂

I-89A-CoA

I-89B-CoA

I-89-(CoA)₂

I-90-CoA

I-90-(CoA)₂

I-94-CoA

I-94-(CoA)₂

I-95-CoA

I-95-(CoA)₂

I-96-CoA

I-96-(CoA)₂

I-97-CoA

I-97-(CoA)₂

I-98A-CoA

I-98B-CoA

I-98-(CoA)₂

I-99-CoA

I-99-(CoA)₂

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) or (IC) has any one ofthe structures shown in Table A-3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltor solvate thereof.

TABLE A-3 Compound No. Structure and Name I-61-CoA

I-61-(CoA)₂

I-62-CoA

I-62-(CoA)₂

I-63A-CoA

I-63B-CoA

I-63-(CoA)₂

I-64A-CoA

I-64B-CoA

I-64-(CoA)₂

I-65-CoA

I-65-(CoA)₂

I-66A-CoA

I-66A-CoA

I-66-(CoA)₂

I-67A-CoA

I-67B-CoA

I-67-(CoA)₂

I-68A-CoA

I-68B-CoA

I-68-(CoA)₂

I-69A-CoA

I-69B-CoA

I-69-(CoA)₂

I-70A-CoA

I-70B-CoA

I-70-(CoA)₂

I-71A-CoA

I-71B-CoA

I-71-(CoA)₂

I-72-CoA

I-72-(CoA)₂

I-73A-CoA

I-73B-CoA

I-73-(CoA)₂

I-74-CoA

I-74-(CoA)₂

I-75-CoA

I-75-(CoA)₂

I-76A-CoA

I-76B-CoA

I-76-(CoA)₂

I-77-CoA

I-77-(CoA)₂

I-86-CoA

I-86-(CoA)₂

I-91-CoA

I-91-(CoA)₂

I-92A-CoA

I-92B-CoA

I-92-(CoA)₂

I-93-CoA

I-93-(CoA)₂

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) or (IA) has any one ofthe structures shown in Table A-4 and defined by C¹ and C², or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

TABLE A-4 Structure

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) or (IB) has any one ofthe structures shown in Table A-5 and defined by C¹ and C², or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

TABLE A-5 Structure

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or Cl andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) or (IC) has any one ofthe structures shown in Table A-6 and defined by C¹ and C², or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

TABLE A-6 Structure

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² =CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹and C² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoAc

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C²= CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C²= CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C²= CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA and C² = COOH;or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ =CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO— CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C²= CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC²= CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C²= CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC²= CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) has any one of thestructures shown in Table A-1, A-2, A-3, A-4 and defined by C¹ and C²,A-5 and defined by C¹ and C², or A-6 and defined by C¹ and C², whereinthe compound's phenyl ring is mono- or di-substituted with —OH or —CH₃,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In someembodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound havingany one of the structures shown in Table A-1, A-2, A-3, A-4 and definedby C¹ and C², A-5 and defined by C¹ and C², or A-6 and defined by C¹ andC² is a sodium salt, a potassium salt, a magnesium salt, an ammoniumsalt, a calcium salt, a meglumine salt, a lysine salt, or an argininesalt. In some embodiments, the lysine salt is an L-lysine salt. In someembodiments, the arginine salt is an L-arginine salt.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I), (IA), (IB), or (IC) isa Coenzyme A mono(thioester) or di(thioester) of a compound having anyone of the structures shown in Table A-7, Table A-8, Table A-9, TableA-10, Table A-11, or Table A-12, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltor solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptablesalt of a compound having any one of the structures shown in Table A-7,Table A-8, Table A-9, Table A-10, Table A-11, or Table A-12 is a sodiumsalt, a potassium salt, a magnesium salt, an ammonium salt, a calciumsalt, a meglumine salt, a lysine salt, or an arginine salt. In someembodiments, the lysine salt is an L-lysine salt. In some embodiments,the arginine salt is an L-arginine salt.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compoundhaving any one of the structures shown in Table A-7, Table A-8, TableA-9, Table A-10, Table A-11, or Table A-12 is a zinc salt. In someembodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound havingany one of the structures shown in Table A-8, Table A-9, or Table A-12is a zinc salt. For example, a zinc salt of Compound 1-61 in Table A-9has the structure depicted immediately below:

TABLE A-7 Compound No. Structure and Name III-1

5,5′-(1,4-phenylene)bis(2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid) I-1

6-[4-(5-Carboxy-5-methyl-hexyl)-phenyl]-2,2,-dimethylhexanoic acid I-2

7-(4-(5-Carboxy-5-methylhexyl)phenyl)-2,2-dimethylheptanoic acid I-3

7,7′-(1,4-Phenylene)bis(2,2-dimethylheptanoic acid) I-4

8-(4-(5-Carboxy-5-methylhexyl)phenyl)-2,2-dimethyloctanoic acid I-5

1-(5-(4-(4-(1-carboxycyclopropyl)butyl)phenyl)pentyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid I-6

1-(6-(4-(4-(1-carboxycyclopropyl)butyl)phenyl)hexyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid I-7

1,1′-(1,4-phenylenebis(pentane-5,1-diyl))bis(cyclopropane-1-carboxylicacid) I-8

1-(4-(4-(6-carboxy-6-methylheptyl)phenyl)butyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid I-9

1-(4-(4-(7-carboxy-7-methyloctyl)phenyl)butyl)cyclopropane-1- carboxylicacid I-10

1-(5-(4-(6-carboxy-6-methylheptyl)phenyl)pentyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid I-78

4,4′-(1,4-phenylene)bis(2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid) 1-84

7,7′-(1,4-phenylene)bis(3,3-dimethylheptanoic acid) I-87

7-(4-(4-(1-(carboxymethyl)cyclopropyl)butyl)phenyl)-3,3-dimethylheptanoic acid I-88

2,2′-((1,4-phenylenebis(butane-4,1-diyl))bis(cyclopropane-1,1-diyl))diacetic acid

TABLE A-8 Compound No. Structure and Name 1-31

5-[3-(4-Carboxy-4-methylpentyl)phenyl]-2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid I-32

6-[3-(5-Carboxy-5-methylhexyl)-phenyl]-2,2-dimethylhexanoic acid I-33

7-(3-(5-Carboxy-5-methylhexyl)phenyl)-2,2-dimethylheptanoic acid I-34

7,7′-(1,3-Phenylene)bis(2,2-dimethylheptanoic acid) I-35

8-(3-(5-Carboxy-5-methylhexyl)phenyl)-2,2-dimethyloctanoic acid I-36

8,8′-(1,3-Phenylene)bis(2,2-dimethyloctanoic acid) I-37

1-(6-(3-(7-carboxy-7-methyloctyl)phenyl)hexyl)cyclopropane-1- carboxylicacid I-38

1,1′-(1,3-phenylenebis(hexane-6,1-diyl))bis(cyclopropane-1- carboxylicacid) I-39

1-(4-(3-(6-carboxy-6-methylheptyl)phenyl)butyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid I-40

1-(5-(3-(6-carboxy-6-methylheptyl)phenyl)pentyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid I-41

1-(4-(3-(7-carboxy-7-methyloctyl)phenyl)butyl)cyclopropane-1- carboxylicacid I-42

1-(5-(3-(4-(1-carboxycyclopropyl)butyl)phenyl)pentyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid I-43

1,1′-(1,3-phenylenebis(pentane-5,1-diyl))bis(cyclopropane-1- carboxylicacid) I-44

1-(6-(3-(4-(1-carboxycyclopropyl)butyl)phenyl)hexyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid I-85

7,7′-(1,3-phenylene)bis(3,3-dimethylheptanoic acid) I-89

7-(3-(4-(1-(carboxymethyl)cyclopropyl)butyl)phenyl)-3,3-dimethylheptanoic acid I-90

2,2′-((1,3-phenylenebis(butane-4,1-diyl))bis(cyclopropane-1,1-diyl))diacetic acid I-97

6,6′-(1,3-phenylene)bis(3,3-dimethylhexanoic acid) I-98

6-(3-(3-(1-(carboxymethyl)cyclopropyl)propyl)phenyl)-3,3-dimethylhexanoic acid I-99

2,2′-((1,3-phenylenebis(propane-3,1-diyl))bis(cyclopropane-1,1-diyl))diacetic acid

TABLE A-9 Com- pound No. Structure and Name I-61

5-[2-(4-Carboxy-4-methylpentyl)-phenyl]-2,2- dimethylpentanoic acid I-62

6,6′-(1,2-Phenylene)bis(2,2-dimethylhexanoic acid) I-63

8-(2-(6-Carboxy-6-methylheptyl)phenyl)-2,2- dimethyloctanoic acid I-64

7-(2-(5-Carboxy-5-methylhexyl)phenyl)-2,2- dimethylheptanoic acid I-65

8,8′-(1,2-Phenylene)bis(2,2-dimethyloctanoic acid) I-66

1-(4-(2-(5-carboxy-5-methylhexyl)phenyl)butyl)cyclopropane-1- carboxylicacid I-67

1-(5-(2-(7-carboxy-7-methyloctyl)phenyl)pentyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid I-68

1-(5-(2-(6-carboxy-6-methylheptyl)phenyl)pentyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid I-69

1-(3-(2-(4-carboxy-4-methylpentyl)phenyl)propyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid I-70

1-(5-(2-(5-carboxy-5-methylhexyl)phenyl)pentyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid I-71

1-(6-(2-(7-carboxy-7-methyloctyl)phenyl)hexyl)cyclopropane-1- carboxylicacid I-72

1,1′-(1,2-phenylenebis(butane-4,1-diyl))bis(cyclopropane-1- carboxylicacid) I-73

1-(5-(2-(6-(1-carboxycyclopropyl)hexyl)phenyl)pentyl)-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid I-74

1,1′-(1,2-phenylenebis(pentane-5,1-diyl))bis(cyclopropane-1- carboxylicacid) I-75

1,1′-(1,2-phenylenebis(propane-3,1-diyl))bis(cyclopropane-1- carboxylicacid) I-76

1-(5-(2-(4-(1-carboxycyclopropyl)butyl)phenyl)pentyl)-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid I-77

1,1′-(1,2-phenylenebis(hexane-6,1-diyl))bis(cyclopropane-1- carboxylicacid) I-91

I-92

I-93

TABLE A-10 Structure

TABLE A-11 Structure

TABLE A-12 Structure

In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is isolated andpurified. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I), (IA), (IB),or (IC), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, isisolated and purified. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I),(IA), (IB), or (IC), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvatethereof, is ex vivo.

Compounds of Formula (ID)

In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is a compound ofFormula (ID):

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,        wherein:    -   each p is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7;    -   each Z¹ and Z² is independently —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—X or        —W—(CH₂)_(c)—C(R³)(R⁴)—Y;    -   each c is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3;    -   each R¹ and R² is independently —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl,        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl, or each carbon atom together        with the R¹ and R² attached to the carbon atom independently        form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group;    -   each R³ and R⁴ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl,        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), phenyl, benzyl, Cl, Br, CN,        NO₂, or CF₃, or each carbon atom together with the R³ and R⁴        attached to the carbon atom independently form a —C₃-C₇        cycloalkyl group;    -   Q¹ is F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, or —O(C₁-C₄ alkyl);    -   each Q² is independently —OH, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl),        phenoxy, aryloxy, benzyl, —S-aryl, —SR^(1A), —NR^(1A)R^(2A), F,        Cl, Br, I, —CF₃, —COR^(1A), heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or —V—OH,        or two Q with each carbon atoms which it is attached together        independently form a heterocyclyl or a carbocyclyl group;    -   V is (CH₂)_(t) or arylene;    -   each R^(1A) and R^(2A) is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆        alkenyl, —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl;    -   t is 0, 1, 2, or 3;    -   each X and Y is independently —OH, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CONH₂,        —CONHR⁵, —CONHMs, —CONHTs, —SO₃H,

-   -   each R⁶ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, wherein the —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two        halogen, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), or phenyl groups;    -   each R⁷ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl;    -   each W is independently —O—, —NH—, —N(OH)—, —N(→O)—, —S—,        —S(═O)—, —S(O)₂—, or —Se—;    -   each R⁵ is independently —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, —C₂-C₆        alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl, each being unsubstituted or        substituted with one or more halogen, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), or        phenyl groups.

In some embodiments, the compound of formula (ID) has the structure ofFormula (IE), Formula (IF), or Formula (IG), or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof:

In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula (ID), (IE), (IF), or(IG), Z¹ and Z² are each independently —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—X. In someembodiments, one or both of Z¹ and Z² is —W—(CH₂)_(c)—C(R³)(R⁴)—Y.

In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula (ID), (IE), (IF), or(IG), X is —COOH, —CO—CoA, or —COOR⁵.

In some embodiments, of the compounds of Formula (ID), (IE), (IF), or(IG), Z¹ is —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—CO—CoA and Z² is—C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—COOH or —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—COOR⁵. In someembodiments, of the compounds of Formula (ID), (IE), (IF), or (IG), Z²is —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—CO—CoA and Z¹ is —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—COOH or—C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—COOR⁵.

In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula (ID), (IE), (IF), or(IG), one or both of Z¹ and Z² are —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—CO—CoA. In someembodiments, one or both of Z¹ and Z² are —W—(CH₂)_(c)—C(R³)(R⁴)—Co—CoA.

In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula (ID), (IE), (IF), or(IG), each R¹ and R² is independently —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or—C₂-C₆ alkynyl. In some embodiments, each R¹ and R² is independently—C₁-C₃ alkyl, —C₂-C₃ alkenyl, or —C₂-C₃ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R¹and R² are methyl.

In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula (ID), (IE), (IF), or(IG), Z¹ is —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—CO—CoA and Z² is—C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—X, where X is —CO—CoA, —COOH or —COOR⁵, and R¹ andR² are methyl.

In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula (ID), (IE), (IF), or(IG), c is 0 or 1. In some embodiments, c is 0. In some embodiments, cis 1. In some embodiments, c is 2. In some embodiments, c is 3.

In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula (ID), (IE), (IF), or(IG), each carbon atom together with the R¹ and R² attached to thecarbon atom independently form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group. In someembodiments, each carbon atom together with the R¹ and R² attached tothe carbon atom independently form a cyclopropyl ring.

In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula (ID), (IE), (IF), or(IG), at least one R¹ and one R² together with the carbon atom to whichthey are attached form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group. In some embodiments,at least one R¹ and one R² together with the carbon atom to which theyare attached form a cyclopropyl ring.

In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula (ID), (IE), (IF), or(IG), R³ and R⁴ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or—C₂-C₆ alkynyl.

In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula (ID), (IE), (IF), or(IG), Y is —COOH or —COOR⁵.

In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula (ID), (IE), (IF), or(IG), R⁵ is —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂-C₆ alkynyl. In someembodiments, R⁵ is —C₁-C₃ alkyl, —C₂-C₃ alkenyl, or —C₂-C₃ alkynyl.

In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula (ID), (IE), (IF), or(IG), p is 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7. In some embodiments, p is 4, 5, 6, or 7.

In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula (ID), (IE), (IF), or(IG), Z¹ is —W—(CH₂)_(c)—C(R³)(R⁴)—CO—CoA, Z² is—W—(CH₂)_(c)—C(R³)(R⁴)—Y, and R³ and R⁴ is independently H, —C₁-C₆alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂-C₆ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Z¹ is—W—(CH₂)_(c)—C(R³)(R⁴)—CO—CoA, Z² is —W—(CH₂)_(c)—C(R³)(R⁴)—Y, and Y is—CO—CoA, —COOH or —COOR⁵. In some embodiments, Z¹ is—W—(CH₂)_(c)—C(R³)(R⁴)—CO—CoA, Z² is —W—(CH₂)_(c)—C(R³)(R⁴)—Y, Y is—CO—CoA, —COOH or —COOR⁵, and R⁵ is —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or—C₂-C₆ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Z¹ is—W—(CH₂)_(c)—C(R³)(R⁴)—CO—CoA, Z² is —W—(CH₂)_(c)—C(R³)(R⁴)—Y, Y is—CO—CoA, —COOH or —COOR⁵, and R⁵ is —C₁-C₃ alkyl, —C₂-C₃ alkenyl, or—C₂-C₃ alkynyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (ID), (IE), (IF), or(IG), t is 0. In some embodiments, t is 1. In some embodiments, t is 2.In some embodiments, t is 3.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compoundof Formula (ID), (IE), (IF), or (IG) is a sodium salt, a potassium salt,a magnesium salt, an ammonium salt, a calcium salt, a meglumine salt, alysine salt, or an arginine salt. In some embodiments, the lysine saltis an L-lysine salt. In some embodiments, the arginine salt is anL-arginine salt.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompounds of Formula (ID), (IE), (IF), or (IG), is a zinc salt. In someembodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compounds ofFormula (IF) or (IG), is a zinc salt.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompounds of Formula (IF) or (IG), is a zinc salt, wherein p is 3 or 4and each X and Y is —COOH.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (ID) or (IE), has any oneof the structures shown in Table A-13, defined by C¹ and C², and definedby R, R¹ and R², where present, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt orsolvate thereof. In some embodiments, R of the compound of Table A-13 isCH₃. In some embodiments, one or more of R, R₁ and R₂ of the compound ofTable A-13 is CH₃. In some embodiments, one or more of R, R₁ and R₂ ofthe compound of Table A-13 is F. In some embodiments, one or more of R,R₁ and R₂ of the compound of Table A-13 is Cl. In some embodiments, oneor more of R, R₁ and R₂ of the compound of Table A-13 is Br. In someembodiments, one or more of R, R₁ and R₂ of the compound of Table A-13is CF₃.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compoundhaving any one of the structures shown in Table A-13 and defined by C¹and C², and defined by R, R₁ and R₂, where present, is a sodium salt, apotassium salt, a magnesium salt, an ammonium salt, a calcium salt, ameglumine salt, a lysine salt, or an arginine salt. In some embodiments,the lysine salt is an L-lysine salt. In some embodiments, the argininesalt is an L-arginine salt.

TABLE A-13 Structure Structure

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ andC² = C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; COOH; C¹ = COOH and C²=CO-CoA; C¹ = or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R = (C¹ - CO-CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C¹ = CO- C4)alkyl CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, orCF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; CI =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; CI = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; CI =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or CI and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁= F. and R₂ = (C1-C4) alkyl, or R₂ = Hand R₁ = (C1- Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl, or C4)alkyl R₂= F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂is or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂is independently a (C1-C4)alkylindependently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA;C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoAand C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹ and C² =CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and R₁ =Cl, Br, or CF₃and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or (C1-C4)alkyl R₂ = F, Cl, Br,or CF₃ and R₁ I = H or (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂is independently a (C1-C4)alkylindependently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁is or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ =H and each independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or R₁ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alky; or Cl, Br, or CF₃ and each R₂ is independently H each R₂ =H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alky; or Cl, Br, or CF₃ and each R₂ is independently H each R₂ =H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a (C1-C4)alkylindependently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R = (C1- or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R= F, Cl, C4)alkyl Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R = (C¹ - or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, C4)alkyl Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C¹ = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = Hand R₁ = Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or (C1-C4)alkyl R₂ =F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C¹ - C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a (C1-C4)alkylindependently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = Hand R₁ = Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or (C1-C4)alkyl R₂ =F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C¹ - C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a (C1-C4)alkylindependently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = Hand R₁ = Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or (C1-C4)alkyl R₂ =F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C¹ - C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a (C1-C4)alkylindependently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ =H and each Cl, Br, or CF₃ and each R₂ is independently H R₁ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ isindependently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alky; or Cl, Br, or CF₃ and each R₂ is independently H each R₂ =H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alky; or Cl, Br, or CF₃ and each R₂ is independently H each R₂ =H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a (C1-C4)alkylindependently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ andC² = C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² =CO-CoA; C¹ = or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R = (Cl- CO-CoA and C² =COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO- C4)alkyl CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = Hand R₁ = Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or (C1-C4)alkyl R₂ =F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C¹ - C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = Hand R₁ = Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or (C1-C4)alkyl R₂ =F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C¹ - C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a (C1-C4)alkylindependently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a (C1-C4)alkylindependently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; orR₂ = H and each independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or R₁ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; orR₂ = H and each independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or R₁ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alky; or Cl, Br, or CF₃ and each R₂ is independently H each R₂ =H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a (C1-C4)alkylindependently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alky; or Cl, Br, or CF₃ and each R₂ is independently H each R₂ =H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ andC² = C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² =CO-CoA; C¹ = or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R = (Cl- CO-CoA and C² =COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO- C4)alkyl CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ andC² = C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² =CO-CoA; C¹ = or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R = (Cl- CO-CoA and C² =COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO- C4)alkyl CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = Hand R₁ = Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or (C1-C4)alkyl R₂ =F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C¹ - C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a (C1-C4)alkylindependently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = Hand R₁ = Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or (C1-C4)alkyl R₂ =F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C¹ - C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is or C¹ and C²= CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a (C1-C4)alkylindependently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; Cl =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = Hand R, = Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or (C1-C4)alkyl R₂ =F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C¹ - C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a (C1-C4)alkylindependently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is and each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alky; or independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or each R₂ =H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and eachR₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a (C1-C4)alkylindependently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; orR₂ = H and each independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or R₁ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ andC² = C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² =CO-CoA; C¹ = or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R = (Cl- CO-CoA and C² =COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO- C4)alkyl CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ andC² = C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² =CO-CoA; C¹ = or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R = (Cl- CO-CoA and C² =COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO- C4)alkyll CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, orCF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = Hand R₁ = Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or (C1-C4)alkyl R₂ =F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C¹ - C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = Hand R₁ = Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or (C1-C4)alkyl R₂ =F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C¹ - C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH.' or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = Hand R₁ = Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or (C1-C4)alkyl R₂ =F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C¹ - C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; orR₂ = H and each independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or R₁ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; orR₂ = H and each independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or R₁ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alky; or Cl, Br, or CF₃ and each R₂ is independently H each R₂ =H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a (C1-C4)alkylindependently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; orR₂ = H and each independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or R₁ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; orR₂ = H and each independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or R₁ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a (C1-C4)alkylindependently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alky; or Cl, Br, or CF₃ and each R₂ is independently H each R₂ =H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ andC² = C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² =CO-CoA; C¹ = or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R = (Cl- CO-CoA and C² =COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO- C4)alkyl CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ andC² = C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² =CO-CoA; C¹ = or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R = (Cl- CO-CoA and C² =COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO- C4)alkyl CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = Hand R₁ = Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or (C1-C4)alkyl R₂ =F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C¹ - C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = Hand R₁ = Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or (C1-C4)alkyl R₂ =F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C¹ - C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² ? COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = Hand R₁ = Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or (C1-C4)alkyl R₂ =F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R,= H or (C¹ - C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; orR₂ = H and each independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or R₁ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alky; or Cl, Br, or CF₃ and each R₂ is independently H each R₂ =H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alky; or Cl, Br, or CF₃ and each R₂ is independently H each R₂ =H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alky; or Cl, Br, or CF₃ and each R₂ is independently H each R₂ =H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a (C1-C4)alkylindependently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; orR₂ = H and each independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or R₁ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alky; or Cl, Br, or CF₃ and each R₂ is independently H each R₂ =H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; orR₂ = H and each independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or R₁ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alky; or Cl, Br, or CF₃ and each R₂ is independently H each R₂ =H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alky; or Cl, Br, or CF₃ and each R₂ is independently H each R₂ =H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; orR₂ = H and each independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or R₁ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a (C1-C4)alkylindependently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ andC² = C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² =CO-CoA; C¹ = or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R = (Cl- CO-CoA and C² =COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO- C4)alkyl CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = Hand R₁ = Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or (C1-C4)alkyl R₂ =F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C¹ - C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a (C1-C4)alkylindependently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = Hand R₁ = Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or (C1-C4)alkyl R₂ =F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C¹ - C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a (C1-C4)alkylindependently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; orR₂ = H and each independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or R₁ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R, = F, and each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alky; or Cl, Br, or CF₃ and each R₂ is independently H each R₂ =H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = C¹ CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alky; or Cl, Br, or CF₃ and each R₂ is independently H each R₂ =H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; orR₂ = H and each independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or R, isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; orR₂ = H and each independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or R₁ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a (C1-C4)alkylindependently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ andC² = C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² =CO-CoA; C¹ = or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R = (Cl- CO-CoA and C² =COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO- C4)alkyl CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ andC² = C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² =CO-CoA; C¹ = or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R = (Cl- CO-CoA and C² =COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO- C4)alkyl CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = Hand R₁ = Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or (C1-C4)alkyl R₂ =F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = Hand R₁ = Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or (C1-C4)alkyl R₂ =F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C¹ - C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoAand C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹ and C² =CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and R₁ =Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or (C1-C4)alkyl R₂ = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C¹ - C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; orR₂ = H and each independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or R₁ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; orR₂ = H and each independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or R₁ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; orR₂ = H and each independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or R₁ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alky; or Cl, Br, or CF₃ and each R₂ is independently H each R₂ =H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a (C1-C4)alkylindependently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alky; or Cl, Br, or CF₃ and each R₂ is independently H each R₂ =H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; orR₂ = H and each independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or R₁ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; orR₂ = H and each independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or R₁ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alky; or Cl, Br, or CF₃ and each R₂ is independently H each R₂ =H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a (C1-C4)alkylindependently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alky; or Cl, Br, or CF₃ and each R₂ is independently H each R₂ =H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alky; or Cl, Br, or CF₃ and each R₂ is independently H each R₂ =H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is orC¹ and ,-, u2 = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and each independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or R₁ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ andC² = C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² =CO-CoA; C¹ = or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R = (Cl- CO-CoA and C² =COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO- C4)alkyl CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ andC² = C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² =CO-CoA; C¹ = or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R = (Cl- CO-CoA and C² =COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO- C4)alkyl CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = Hand R₁ = Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or (C1-C4)alkyl R₂ =F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R,= H or (C¹ - C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = Hand R₁ = Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or (C1-C4)alkyl R₂ =F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C¹ - C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = Hand R₁ = Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or (Cl -C4)alkyl R₂= F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C¹ - C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; orR₂ = H and each independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or R₁ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; orR₂ = H and each independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or R₁ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; orR₂ = H and each independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or R₁ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; orR₂ = H and each independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or R₁ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ andC² = C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² =CO-CoA; C¹ = or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R = (Cl- CO-CoA and C² =COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO- C4)alkyl CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ andC² = C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² =CO-CoA; C¹ = or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R = (Cl- CO-CoA and C² =COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO- C4)alkyl CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = Hand R₁ = Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or (C1-C4)alkyl R₂ =F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C¹ - C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH.' or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = Hand R₁ = Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or (C1-C4)alkyl R₂ =F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C¹ - C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = Hand R₁ = Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or (C1-C4)alkyl R₂ =F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C¹ - C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; orR₂ = H and each independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or R₁ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alky; or Cl, Br, or CF₃ and each R₂ is independently H each R₂ =H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; orR₂ = H and each independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or R₁ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a (C1-C4)alkylindependently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; orR₂ = H and each independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or R₁ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alky; or Cl, Br, or CF₃ and each R₂ is independently H each R₂ =H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alky; or Cl, Br, or CF₃ and each R₂ is independently H each R₂ =H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; orR₂ = H and each independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or R₁ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; orR₂ = H and each independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or R₁ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alky; or Cl, Br, or CF₃ and each R₂ is independently H each R₂ =H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a (C1-C4)alkylindependently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; orR₂ = H and each independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or R₁ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alky; or Cl, Br, or CF₃ and each R₂ is independently H each R₂ =H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alky; or Cl, Br, or CF₃ and each R₂ is independently H each R₂ =H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ andC² = C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² =CO-CoA; C¹ = or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R = (Cl- CO-CoA and C² =COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO- C4)alkyl CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = Hand R₁ = Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or (C1-C4)alkyl R₂ =F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C¹ - C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; Cl = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a (C1-C4)alkylindependently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = Hand R₁ = Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or (C1-C4)alkyl R₂ =F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C¹ - C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a (C1-C4)alkylindependently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl; orR₂ = H and each independently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or R₁ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alky; or Cl, Br, or CF₃ and each R₂ is independently H each R₂ =H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = H or C¹and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, and each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alky; or Cl, Br, or CF₃ and each R₂ is independently H each R₂ =H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ =COOH and C² = CO-CoA; C¹ = CO-CoA and C² = COOH; C² = CO-CoA; C¹ =CO-CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is orC¹ and C² = CO-CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a (C1-C4)alkylindependently F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (ID) or (IF), has any oneof the structures shown in Table A-14 and defined by C¹ and C², anddefined by R, R¹ and R², where present, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, R of the compound of TableA-14 is CH₃. In some embodiments, one or more of R, R₁ and R₂ of thecompound of Table A-14 is CH₃. In some embodiments, one or more of R, R₁and R₂ of the compound of Table A-14 is F. In some embodiments, one ormore of R, R₁ and R₂ of the compound of Table A-14 is Cl. In someembodiments, one or more of R, R₁ and R² of the compound of Table A-14is Br. In some embodiments, one or more of R, R₁ and R₂ of the compoundof Table A-14 is CF₃.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compoundhaving any one of the structures shown in Table A-14 and defined by C¹and C², and defined by R, R₁ and R₂, where present, is a sodium salt, apotassium salt, a magnesium salt, an ammonium salt, a calcium salt, ameglumine salt, a lysine salt, or an arginine salt. In some embodiments,the lysine salt is an L-lysine salt. In some embodiments, the argininesalt is an L-arginine salt.

TABLE A-14 Structure

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1- C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (ID) or (IG), has any oneof the structures shown in Table A-15, defined by C¹ and C², and definedby R, R₁ and R₂, where present, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt orsolvate thereof. In some embodiments, R of the compound of Table A-15 isCH₃. In some embodiments, one or more of R, R₁ and R₂ of the compound ofTable A-15 is CH₃. In some embodiments, one or more of R, R₁ and R₂ ofthe compound of Table A-15 is F. In some embodiments, one or more of R,R₁ and R₂ of the compound of Table A-15 is Cl. In some embodiments, oneor more of R, R₁ and R₂ of the compound of Table A-15 is Br. In someembodiments, one or more of R, R₁ and R₂ of the compound of Table A-15is CF₃.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compoundhaving any one of the structures shown in Table A-15 and defined by C¹and C², and defined by R, R₁ and R₂, where present, is a sodium salt, apotassium salt, a magnesium salt, an ammonium salt, a calcium salt, ameglumine salt, a lysine salt, or an arginine salt. In some embodiments,the lysine salt is an L-lysine salt. In some embodiments, the argininesalt is an L-arginine salt.

TABLE A-15 Structure

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; orC¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl 0

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ = H and R₂ = isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₁ is H and each R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA;C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = F, Cl,Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and R₂ = (C1-C4)alkyl;or R₂ = H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂= H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is H and R₂ =(C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = H and each R₁ is independently a (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₁ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₂ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or R₂ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₁ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently a(C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R₂ is independently F,Cl, Br, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = H and each R₂ isindependently a (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is H and R₁ = (C1-C4)alkyl

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R₁ = F, Cl, Br, or CF₃ andeach R₂ is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; or each R₂ is independentlyF, Cl, Br, or CF₃ and R₁ = H or (C1-C4)alkyl

Compounds of Formula (H)

In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is a compound ofFormula (IH):

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,        wherein:    -   Z¹ is —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—X or —W—(CH₂)_(c)—C(R³)(R⁴)—Y;    -   c is 0, 1, 2, or 3;    -   each R¹ and R² is independently —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl,        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl, or each carbon atom together        with the R¹ and R² attached to the carbon atom independently        form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group;    -   each R³ and R⁴ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl,        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), phenyl, benzyl, Cl, Br, CN,        NO₂, or CF₃, or each carbon atom together with the R³ and R⁴        attached to the carbon atom independently form a —C₃-C₇        cycloalkyl group;    -   Q is independently —OH, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), phenoxy,        aryloxy, benzyl, —S-aryl, —SR^(1A), —NR^(1A)R^(2A), F, Cl, Br,        I, —CF₃, —COR^(1A), heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or —V—OH, or two Q        with each carbon atoms which it is attached together        independently form a heterocyclyl or a carbocyclyl group;    -   V is (CH₂)_(t) or arylene;    -   each R^(1A) and R^(2A) is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆        alkenyl, —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl;    -   t is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;    -   each X and Y is independently —OH, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CONH₂,        —CONHR⁵, —CONHMs, —CONHTs, —SO₃H,

-   -   each R⁶ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, wherein the —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two        halogen, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), or phenyl groups;    -   each R⁷ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl;    -   each W is independently —O—, —NH—, —N(OH)—, —N(→O)—, —S—,        —S(═O)—, —S(O)₂—, or —Se—;    -   each R⁵ is independently —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, —C₂-C₆        alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl, each being unsubstituted or        substituted with one or more halogen, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), or        phenyl groups.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula (IH), Z¹ is—C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—X. In some embodiments, Z¹ is—C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—X and X is —COOH, —COOR⁵, or —CO—CoA. In someembodiments, Z¹ is —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—X and X is —COOH. In someembodiments, c is 0.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula (IH), each R¹ and R² isindependently —C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are methyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula (IH), each carbon atomtogether with the R¹ and R² attached to the carbon atom independentlyform a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group. In some embodiments, each carbon atomtogether with the R¹ and R² attached to the carbon atom independentlyform a cyclopropyl ring.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula (IH), t is 0.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IH) has any one of thestructures shown in Table A-16, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt orsolvate thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptablesalt of a compound having any one of the structures shown in Table A-16is a sodium salt, a potassium salt, a magnesium salt, an ammonium salt,a calcium salt, a meglumine salt, a lysine salt, or an arginine salt. Insome embodiments, the lysine salt is an L-lysine salt. In someembodiments, the arginine salt is an L-arginine salt. In someembodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound havingany one of the structures shown in Table A-16 is a zinc salt.

TABLE A-16 Compound No. Structure and Name I-11

1,1′-(1,4-phenylenebis(propane-3,1-diyl))bis(cyclopropane-1-carboxylicacid) I-12

1-(3-(4-(4-carboxy-4-methylpentyl)phenyl)propyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

Compounds of Formula (IJ)

In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is a compound ofFormula (IJ):

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,        wherein:    -   each p is independently 1 or 2;    -   Z¹ is —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—X or —W—(CH₂)_(c)—C(R³)(R⁴)—Y;    -   c is 0, 1, 2, or 3;    -   each R¹ and R² is independently —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl,        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl, or each carbon atom together        with the R¹ and R² attached to the carbon atom independently        form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group;    -   each R³ and R⁴ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl,        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), phenyl, benzyl, Cl, Br, CN,        NO₂, or CF₃, or each carbon atom together with the R³ and R⁴        attached to the carbon atom independently form a —C₃-C₇        cycloalkyl group;    -   Q is independently —OH, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), phenoxy,        aryloxy, benzyl, —S-aryl, —SR^(1A), —NR^(1A)R^(2A), F, Cl, Br,        I, —CF₃, —COR^(1A), heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or —V—OH, or two Q        with each carbon atoms which it is attached together        independently form a heterocyclyl or a carbocyclyl group;    -   V is (CH₂)_(t) or arylene;    -   each R^(1A) and R^(2A) is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆        alkenyl, —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl;    -   t is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;    -   each X and Y is independently —OH, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CONH₂,        —CONHR⁵, —CONHMs, —CONHTs, —SO₃H,

-   -   each R⁶ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, wherein the —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two        halogen, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), or phenyl groups;    -   each R⁷ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl;    -   each W is independently —O—, —NH—, —N(OH)—, —N(→O)—, —S—,        —S(═O)—, —S(O)₂—, or —Se—;    -   each R⁵ is independently —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, —C₂-C₆        alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl, each being unsubstituted or        substituted with one or more halogen, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), or        phenyl groups.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula (IJ), Z¹ is—C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—X. In some embodiments, Z¹ is—C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—X and X is —COOH, —COOR⁵, or —CO—CoA. In someembodiments, Z¹ is —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—X and X is —COOH. In someembodiments, c is 0.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula (IJ), each R¹ and R² isindependently —C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are methyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula (IJ), each carbon atomtogether with the R¹ and R² attached to the carbon atom independentlyform a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group. In some embodiments, each carbon atomtogether with the R¹ and R² attached to the carbon atom independentlyform a cyclopropyl ring.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula (IJ), t is 0.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompounds of Formula (IJ), is a zinc salt.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompounds of Formula (IJ) is a zinc salt, wherein each X and Y is —COOH.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IJ) has any one of thestructures shown in Table A-17, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt orsolvate thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptablesalt of a compound having any one of the structures shown in Table A-17is a sodium salt, a potassium salt, a magnesium salt, an ammonium salt,a calcium salt, a meglumine salt, a lysine salt, or an arginine salt. Insome embodiments, the lysine salt is an L-lysine salt. In someembodiments, the arginine salt is an L-arginine salt. In someembodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound havingany one of the structures shown in Table A-17 is a zinc salt.

TABLE A-17 Compound No. Structure and Name I-45

1,1′-(1,3-phenylenebis(propane-3,1-diyl))bis(cyclopropane-1- carboxylicacid) I-46

1-(3-(3-(4-carboxy-4-methylpentyl)phenyl)propyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid I-47

1-(4-(3-(4-carboxy-4-methylpentyl)phenyl)butyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid I-48

1-(3-(3-(4-(1-carboxycyclopropyl)butyl)phenyl)propyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid I-49

1-(3-(3-(5-carboxy-5-methylhexyl)phenyl)propyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid I-50

1-(4-(3-(5-carboxy-5-methylhexyl)phenyl)butyl)cyclopropane-1- carboxylicacid I-51

1,1′-(1,3-phenylenebis(butane-4,1-diyl))bis(cyclopropane-1-carboxylicacid)

Compounds of Table A-18

In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is a compound havingany one of the structures shown in Table A-18, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, thepharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound having any one of thestructures shown in Table A-18 is a sodium salt, a potassium salt, amagnesium salt, an ammonium salt, a calcium salt, a meglumine salt, alysine salt, or an arginine salt. In some embodiments, the lysine saltis an L-lysine salt. In some embodiments, the arginine salt is anL-arginine salt. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptablesalt of a compound having any one of the structures shown in Table A-18is a zinc salt.

TABLE A-18 Compound No. Structure and Name I-86

7,7′-(1,2-phenylene)bis(2,2-dimethylheptanoic acid) I-79

1-(5-(2-(4-(1-carboxycyclopropyl)butyl)-3,5,6-trimethylphenyl)pentyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid I-80

71-(5-(2-(5-carboxy-5-methylhexyl)phenyl)pentyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid I-81

1-(3-(2-(4-(1-carboxycyclopropyl)butyl)phenyl)propyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid I-82

1-(4-(2-(4-carboxy-4-methylpentyl)phenyl)butyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylicacid I-83

1-(3-(2-(5-carboxy-5-methylhexyl)phenyl)propyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid I-87

7-(4-(4-(1-(carboxymethyl)cyclopropyl)butyl)phenyl)-3,3-dimethylheptanoic acid I-88

2,2′-((1,4-phenylenebis(butane-4,1-diyl))bis(cyclopropane-1,1-diyl))diaceticacid I-89

7-(3-(4-(1-(carboxymethyl)cyclopropyl)butyl)phenyl)-3,3-dimethylheptanoic acid I-90

2,2′-((1,3-phenylenebis(butane-4,1-diyl))bis(cyclopropane-1,1-diyl))diaceticacid I-92

7-(2-(4-(1-(carboxymethyl)cyclopropyl)butyl)phenyl)-3,3-dimethylheptanoic acid I-93

2,2′-((1,2-phenylenebis(butane-4,1-diyl))bis(cyclopropane-1,1-diyl))diaceticacid I-98

6-(3-(3-(1-(carboxymethyl)cyclopropyl)propyl)phenyl)-3,3-dimethylhexanoic acid I-99

2,2′-((1,3-phenylenebis(propane-3,1-diyl))bis(cyclopropane-1,1-diyl))diacetic acid

Compounds of Table A-19

In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is a compound havingany one of the structures shown in Table A-19, defined by C¹, C², and R,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In someembodiments, the compound of Formula (I) has any one of the structuresshown in Table A-19, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvatethereof, where at least one of C¹ or C² is CO—CoA. In some embodiments,the compound of Formula (ID) has any one of the structures shown inTable A-19, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,where at least one R is F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, or —O(C₁-C₄ alkyl). In someembodiments, R of the compound is CH₃. In some embodiments, at least oneR of the compound of Table A-19 is CH₃. In some embodiments, at leastone R of the compound of Table A-19 is F. In some embodiments, at leastone R of the compound of Table A-19 is Cl. In some embodiments, at leastone R of the compound of Table A-19 is Br. In some embodiments, at leastone R of the compound of Table A-19 is CF₃.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compoundhaving any one of the structures shown in Table A-19 is a sodium salt, apotassium salt, a magnesium salt, an ammonium salt, a calcium salt, ameglumine salt, a lysine salt, or an arginine salt. In some embodiments,the lysine salt is an L-lysine salt. In some embodiments, the argininesalt is an L-arginine salt. In some embodiments, the pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt of a compound having any one of the structures shown inTable A-19 is a zinc salt.

TABLE A-19 Structure

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl,O(C1-C4)alkyl, F, Br, I, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl,O(C1-C4)alkyl, F, Br, I, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl,O(C1-C4)alkyl, F, Br, I, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl,O(C1-C4)alkyl, F, Br, I, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl,O(C1-C4)alkyl, F, Br, I, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl,O(C1-C4)alkyl, F, Br, I, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl,O(C1-C4)alkyl, F, Br, I, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl,O(C1-C4)alkyl, F, Br, I, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl,O(C1-C4)alkyl, F, Br, I, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl,O(C1-C4)alkyl, F, Br, I, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl,O(C1-C4)alkyl, F, Br, I, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl,O(C1-C4)alkyl, F, Br, I, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl,O(C1-C4)alkyl, F, Br, I, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl,O(C1-C4)alkyl, F, Br, I, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl,O(C1-C4)alkyl, F, Br, I, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl,O(C1-C4)alkyl, F, Br, I, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl,O(C1-C4)alkyl, F, Br, I, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl,O(C1-C4)alkyl, F, Br, I, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl,O(C1-C4)alkyl, F, Br, I, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl,O(C1-C4)alkyl, F, Br, I, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein R = (C1-C4)alkyl,O(C1-C4)alkyl, F, Br, I, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R is independently a(C1- C4)alkyl, O(C1-C4)alkyl, F, Br, I, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R is independently a(C1- C4)alkyl, O(C1-C4)alkyl, F, Br, I, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R is independently a(C1- C4)alkyl, O(C1-C4)alkyl, F, Br, I, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R is independently a(C1- C4)alkyl, O(C1-C4)alkyl, F, Br, I, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R is independently a(C1- C4)alkyl, O(C1-C4)alkyl), F, Br, I, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R is independently a(C1- C4)alkyl, O(C1-C4)alkyl, F, Br, I, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R is independently a(C1- C4)alkyl, O(C1-C4)alkyl, F, Br, I, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R is independently a(C1- C4)alkyl, O(C1-C4)alkyl, F, Br, I, or CF₃

wherein C¹ and C² = COOH; C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C²= COOH; or C¹ and C² = CO—CoA; and wherein each R is independently a(C1- C4)alkyl, O(C1-C4)alkyl, F, Br, I, or CF₃

Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salts of Compounds of Formula (I)

In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt of a compound of Formula (I):

-   -   wherein:    -   each p is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7;    -   each Z¹ and Z² is independently —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—X or        —W—(CH₂)_(c)—C(R³)(R⁴)—Y;    -   each c is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3;    -   each R¹ and R² is independently —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl,        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl, or each carbon atom together        with the R¹ and R² attached to the carbon atom independently        form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group;    -   each R³ and R⁴ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl,        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), phenyl, benzyl, Cl, Br, CN,        NO₂, or CF₃, or each carbon atom together with the R³ and R⁴        attached to the carbon atom independently form a —C₃-C₇        cycloalkyl group;    -   Q is independently —OH, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), phenoxy,        aryloxy, benzyl, —S-aryl, —SR^(1A), —NR^(1A)R^(2A), F, Cl, Br,        I, —CF₃, —COR^(1A), heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or —V—OH, or two Q        with each carbon atoms which it is attached together        independently form a heterocyclyl or a carbocyclyl group;    -   V is (CH₂)_(t) or arylene;    -   each R^(1A) and R^(2A) is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆        alkenyl, —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl;    -   t is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;    -   each X and Y is independently —OH, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CONH₂,        —CONHR⁵, —CONHMs, —CONHTs, —SO₃H,

-   -   each R⁶ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, wherein the —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two        halogen, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), or phenyl groups;    -   each R⁷ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl;    -   each W is independently —O—, —NH—, —N(OH)—, —N(→O)—, —S—,        —S(═O)—, —S(O)₂—, or —Se—;    -   each R⁵ is independently —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, —C₂-C₆        alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl, each being unsubstituted or        substituted with one or more halogen, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), or        phenyl groups; and    -   wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a salt of an        amino acid, a meglumine salt, an eglumine salt, a D-glucamine        salt, or a glucosamine salt, or a choline salt.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compoundof Formula (I) is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of Formula (IA),Formula (IB), or Formula (IC):

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompound of Formula (I), (IA), (IB), or (IC), the salt is a salt of anamino acid, and the amino acid is a D,L-amino acid, L-amino acid, orD-amino acid. In some embodiments, the amino acid is a natural aminoacid or a synthetic amino acid. In some embodiments, the amino acid is abasic amino acid. In some embodiments, the amino acid is lysine,arginine histidine, or glutamine. In some embodiments, the amino acid isL-lysine, L-arginine, L-histidine, or L-glutamine. In some embodiments,the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a meglumine salt, an egluminesalt, or a D-glucamine salt. In some embodiments, the pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt is a choline salt

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompounds of Formula (I), (IA), (IB), or (IC), Z¹ and Z² are eachindependently —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—COOH or —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—COOR⁵.

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompounds of Formula (I), (IA), (IB), or (IC), each R¹ and R² isindependently —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂-C₆ alkynyl. In someembodiments, each R¹ and R² is independently —C₁-C₃ alkyl, —C₂-C₃alkenyl, or —C₂-C₃ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are methyl.

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompounds of Formula (I), (IA), (IB), or (IC), c is 0 or 1. In someembodiments, c is 0. In some embodiments, c is 1. In some embodiments, cis 2. In some embodiments, c is 3.

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompounds of Formula (I), (IA), (IB), or (IC), each carbon atom togetherwith the R¹ and R² attached to the carbon atom independently form a—C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group. In some embodiments, each carbon atom togetherwith the R¹ and R² attached to the carbon atom independently form acyclopropyl ring.

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompounds of Formula (I), (IA), (IB), or (IC), at least one R¹ and oneR² together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a—C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group. In some embodiments, at least one R¹ and one R²together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form acyclopropyl ring.

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompounds of Formula (I), (IA), (IB), or (IC), R³ and R⁴ isindependently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂-C₆ alkynyl.

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompounds of Formula (I), (IA), (IB), or (IC), Y is —COOH or —COOR⁵.

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompounds of Formula (I), (IA), (IB), or (IC), R⁵ is —C₁-C₆ alkyl,—C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂-C₆ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R⁵ is —C₁-C₃alkyl, —C₂-C₃ alkenyl, or —C₂-C₃ alkynyl.

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompounds of Formula (I), (IA), (IB), or (IC), p is 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7. Insome embodiments, p is 4, 5, 6, or 7.

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompounds of Formula (I), (IA), (IB), or (IC), Z¹ and Z² are eachindependently —W—(CH₂)_(c)—C(R³)(R⁴)—Y, and R³ and R⁴ is independentlyH, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂-C₆ alkynyl. In some embodiments,Y is —CO—CoA, —COOH or —COOR⁵.

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompound of Formula (I), (IA), (IB), or (IC), Q is independently methyl,—OH, F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, or —O(C₁-C₄ alkyl). In some embodiments, Q isindependently methyl, —OH, F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, or methoxy. In someembodiments, Q is independently methyl, methoxy, or —OH. In someembodiments, Q is methyl or —OH.

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompound of Formula (I), (IA), (IB), or (IC), t is 0. In someembodiments, t is 1. In some embodiments, t is 2. In some embodiments, tis 3.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompound of Formula (I) or (IA) is the pharmaceutically acceptable saltof any one of the structures shown in Table A-7, Table A-8, Table A-9,Table A-10, Table A-11, or Table A-12.

Compounds of Formula (II)

In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is a compound ofFormula (II):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

-   -   each R¹ and R² is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl,        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl, or each carbon atom together        with the R¹ and R² attached to the carbon atom independently        form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group;    -   each n is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3;    -   each m is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9;    -   X is —C(═O)—, —CHR³—, —CH—CH₂(OR³)—, —O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(O)₂—,        —NR³—, —N(OH)—, —N(→O)—, or —Se—;    -   R³ is H, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl,        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, C₄-C₇ cycloalkenyl, C₅-C₈        cycloalkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl, each —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆        alkenyl, —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, C₄-C₇ cycloalkenyl,        C₅-C₈ cycloalkynyl, phenyl and benzyl being unsubstituted or        substituted with one or more halogen, —CN, —NO₂, or —CF₃ groups;    -   each Y is independently —O—, —NH—, —N(OH)—, —N(→O)—, —S—,        —S(═O)—, —S(O)₂—, or —Se—;    -   each Z is independently —OH, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CO—CoA, —CONH₂,        —CONHR⁵, —CONHMs, —CONHTs, —SO₃K, —SO₃R⁵,

-   -   each R⁵ is independently —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, —C₂-C₆        alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl, each being unsubstituted or        substituted with one or more halogen, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), or        phenyl groups;    -   each R⁶ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, wherein the —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two        halogen, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), or phenyl groups; and    -   each R⁷ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl;    -   wherein one or both Z groups is —CO—CoA.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (II), X is —C(═O)—, —CHR³—,—O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, or Se. In some embodiments, X is —C(═O)—, —CH(OH)—,—O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, or Se.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (II), R³ is H, —OH, —O(C₁-C₃alkyl), or —C₁-C₃ alkyl.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (II), each Y isindependently —O— or —S—.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (II), each R¹ and R² isindependently H, —C₁-C₃ alkyl, —C₂-C₃ alkenyl, or —C₂-C₃ alkynyl. Insome embodiments, each R¹ and R² is independently H or methyl.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (II), each Z isindependently —COOH or —COOR⁵. In some embodiments, each Z is —COOH.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (II), each R⁵ isindependently —C₁-C₃ alkyl, —C₂-C₃ alkenyl, or —C₂-C₃ alkynyl.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (II), each n isindependently 0, 1, or 2. In some embodiments, n is 1.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (II), each m isindependently 3, 4, 5, or 6. In some embodiments, each m isindependently 4 or 5.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) has any one of thestructures shown in Table B1, defined by C¹ and C², or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) is a Coenzyme Amono(thioester) or di(thioester) of a compound having any one of thestructures shown in Table B2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt orsolvate thereof.

TABLE B1 Structure and Name

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

TABLE B2 Compound No. Structure and Name II-1

(9-Carboxymethylsulfanyl-5-hydroxy-nonylsulfanyl)-acetic acid II-2

(11-Carboxymethylsulfanyl-6-hydroxy-undecylsulfanyl)-acetic acid II-3

(9-Carboxymethylsulfanyl-5-oxo-nonylsulfanyl)-acetic acid II-4

(11-Carboxymethylsulfanyl-6-oxo-undecylsulfanyl)-acetic acid II-5

[4-(4-Carboxymethylsulfanyl-butoxy)-butylsulfanyl]-acetic acid II-6

[5-(5-Carboxymethylsulfanyl-pentyloxy)-pentylsulfanyl]-acetic acid II-7

(9-Carboxymethoxy-5-hydroxy-nonyloxy)-acetic acid II-8

(11-Carboxymethoxy-6-hydroxy-undecyloxy)-acetic acid II-9

(9-Carboxymethoxy-5-oxo-nonyloxy)-acetic acid II-10

(11-Carboxymethoxy-6-oxo-undecyloxy)-acetic acid II-11

[4-(4-Carboxymethoxy-butoxy)-butoxy]-acetic acid II-12

[5-(5-Carboxymethoxy-pentyloxy)-pentyloxy]-acetic acid II-13

[4-(4-Carboxymethylsulfanyl-butylselanyl)-butylsulfanyl]-acetic acidII-14

[5-(5-Carboxymethylsulfanyl-pentylselanyl)-pentylsulfanyl]-acetic acidII-15

[4-(4-Carboxymethoxy-butylselanyl)-butoxy]-acetic acid II-16

[5-(5-Carboxymethoxy-pentylselanyl)-pentyloxy]-acetic acid II-17

[4-(4-Carboxymethylsulfanyl-butylsulfanyl)-butylsulfanyl]-acetic acidII-18

[5-(5-Carboxymethylsulfanyl-pentylsulfanyl)-pentylsulfanyl]-acetic acidII-19

[4-(4-Carboxymethoxy-butylsulfanyl)-butoxy]-acetic acid II-20

[5-(5-Carboxymethoxy-pentylsulfanyl)-pentyloxy]-acetic acid II-21

[4-(4-Carboxymethylsulfanyl-butane-1-sulfinyl)-butylsulfanyl]-aceticacid II-22

[5-(5-Carboxymethylsulfanyl-pentane-1-sulfinyl)-pentylsulfanyl]-aceticacid II-23

[4-(4-Carboxymethoxy-butane-1-sulfinyl)-butoxy]-acetic acid II-24

[5-(5-Carboxymethoxy-pentane-1-sulfinyl)-pentyloxy]-acetic acid

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (II), or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof is isolated and purified. In someembodiments, the compound of Formula (II), or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof, is ex vivo.

Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salts of Compounds of Formula (II)

In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt of a compound of Formula (II):

wherein:

-   -   each R¹ and R² is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl,        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl, or each carbon atom together        with the R¹ and R² attached to the carbon atom independently        form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group;    -   each n is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3;    -   each m is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9;    -   X is —C(═O)—, —CHR³—, —CH—CH₂(OR³)—, —O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(O)₂—,        —NR³—, —N(OH)—, —N(→O)—, or —Se—;    -   R³ is H, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl,        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, C₄-C₇ cycloalkenyl, C₅-C₈        cycloalkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl, each —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆        alkenyl, —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, C₄-C₇ cycloalkenyl,        C₅-C₈ cycloalkynyl, phenyl and benzyl being unsubstituted or        substituted with one or more halogen, —CN, —NO₂, or —CF₃ groups;    -   each Y is independently —O—, —NH—, —N(OH)—, —N(→O)—, —S—,        —S(═O)—, —S(O)₂—, or —Se—;    -   each Z is independently —OH, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CO—CoA, —CONH₂,        —CONHR⁵, —CONHMs, —CONHTs, —SO₃H, —SO₃R⁵,

-   -   each R⁵ is independently —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, —C₂-C₆        alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl, each being unsubstituted or        substituted with one or more halogen, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), or        phenyl groups;    -   each R⁶ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, wherein the —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two        halogen, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), or phenyl groups; and    -   each R⁷ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl;

wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a salt of an amino acid,a meglumine salt, an eglumine salt, D-glucamine salt, a glucosaminesalt, or a choline salt.

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompound of Formula (II), the salt is a salt of an amino acid, and theamino acid is a D,L-amino acid, L-amino acid, or D-amino acid. In someembodiments, the amino acid is a natural amino acid or a synthetic aminoacid. In some embodiments, the amino acid is a basic amino acid. In someembodiments, the amino acid is lysine, arginine, histidine, orglutamine. In some embodiments, the amino acid is L-lysine, L-arginine,L-histidine or L-glutamine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt is a meglumine salt, an eglumine salt, or a D-glucaminesalt. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is acholine salt.

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompounds of Formula (II), X is —C(═O)—, —CHR³—, —O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, orSe. In some embodiments, X is —C(═O)—, —CH(OH)—, —O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, orSe.

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompounds of Formula (II), R³ is H, —OH, —O(C₁-C₃ alkyl), or —C₁-C₃alkyl.

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompounds of Formula (II), each Y is independently —O— or —S—.

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompounds of Formula (II), each R¹ and R² is independently H, —C₁-C₃alkyl, —C₂-C₃ alkenyl, or —C₂-C₃ alkynyl. In some embodiments, each R¹and R² is independently H or methyl.

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompounds of Formula (II), each Z is independently —COOH or —COOR⁵. Insome embodiments, each Z is —COOH.

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompounds of Formula (II), each R⁵ is independently —C₁-C₃ alkyl, —C₂-C₃alkenyl, or —C₂-C₃ alkynyl.

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompounds of Formula (II), each n is independently 0, 1, or 2. In someembodiments, n is 1.

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompounds of Formula (II), each m is independently 3, 4, 5, or 6. Insome embodiments, each m is independently 4 or 5.

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompounds of Formula (II), the compound has any one of the structuresshown in Table B1 as defined by C¹ and C², or Table B2. In someembodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a meglumine salt, alysine salt, or an arginine salt of the compound having any one of thestructures shown in Table B1 as defined by C¹ and C², or Table B2. Insome embodiments, the lysine salt is an L-lysine salt. In someembodiments, the arginine salt is an L-arginine salt.

Compounds of Formulas (III), (IIIA), (IIIB), and Table B5

In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is a compound ofFormula (III):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

-   -   R¹ and R² are independently —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, —C₂-C₆        alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl, or R¹ and R² together with the carbon        atom to which they are attached form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group;    -   each m is independently 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7;    -   each n is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;    -   each q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;    -   X is —O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NH—, —N(OH)—, —N(→O)—,        N(alkyl)-, or —N(aryl)-;    -   Z₁ and Z₂ are independently —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —OH, —COOH, —COOR⁵,        —CO—CoA, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁵, —CONHMs, —CONHTs, —SO₃H, —SO₃R⁵,

-   -   each R⁵ is independently —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, —C₂-C₆        alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl, each being unsubstituted or        substituted with one or more halogen, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), or        phenyl groups;    -   each R⁶ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, wherein the —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two        halogen, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), or phenyl groups; and    -   each R⁷ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl;    -   wherein one or both of Z₁ and Z₂ is —CO—CoA.

In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is a compound ofFormula (IIIA):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

-   -   R¹ and R² are independently —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, —C₂-C₆        alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl, or R¹ and R² together with the carbon        atom to which they are attached form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group;    -   each m is independently 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7;    -   each n is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;    -   each q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;    -   X is —O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NH—, —N(OH)—, —N(→O)—,        N(alkyl)-, or —N(aryl)-;    -   Z₁ and Z₂ are —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CO—CoA, —CONH₂,        —CONHR⁵, —CONHMs, —CONHTs, —SO₃R⁵,

wherein Z₁ and Z₂ are the same;

-   -   each R⁵ is independently —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, —C₂-C₆        alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl, each being unsubstituted or        substituted with one or more halogen, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), or        phenyl groups;    -   each R⁶ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, wherein the —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two        halogen, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), or phenyl groups; and    -   each R⁷ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl;    -   wherein one or both of Z₁ and Z₂ is —CO—CoA.

In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is a compound ofFormula (IIIB):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

-   -   R¹ and R² are independently —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, —C₂-C₆        alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl, or R¹ and R² together with the carbon        atom to which they are attached form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group;    -   each m is independently 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7;    -   each n is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;    -   each q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;    -   X is —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NH—, —N(OH)—, —N(→O)—, N(alkyl)-,        or —N(aryl)-;    -   Z₁ and Z₂ are independently —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —OH, —COOH, —COOR⁵,        —CO—CoA, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁵, —CONHMs, —CONHTs, —SO₃H, —SO₃R⁵,

-   -   each R⁵ is independently —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, —C₂-C₆        alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl, each being unsubstituted or        substituted with one or more halogen, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), or        phenyl groups;    -   each R⁶ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, wherein the —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two        halogen, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), or phenyl groups; and    -   each R⁷ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl;    -   wherein one or both of Z₁ and Z₂ is —CO—CoA.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (III) and (IIIB), Z¹ is—CO—CoA and Z² is —OH, —COOH, —CO—CoA, or —COOR⁵. In some embodiments,Z² is —CO—CoA and Z¹ is —OH, —COOH, —CO—CoA, or —COOR⁵.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (III), (IIIA), and (IIIB),Z¹ and Z² are each —CO—CoA.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (III), X is —S—, —S(═O)—,—S(O)₂—, —NH—, —N(OH)—, —N(→O)—, N(alkyl)-, or —N(aryl)-.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (III) and (IIIA), X is O. Insome embodiments of compounds of Formula (III), when X is O, m is 2, 3,5, 6, or 7.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (III), (IIIA), and (IIIB),each n is independently 0 or 1. In some embodiments, n is 0. In someembodiments, n is 1.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (III), (IIIA), and (IIIB),each m is independently 4, 5, or 6. In some embodiments, m is 5 or 6. Insome embodiments, m is 4. In some embodiments, m is 5. In someembodiments, m is 6. In some embodiments, m is 2 or 3.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (III), (IIIA), and (IIIB),R¹ and R² together with the carbon atom to which they are attached forma —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (III) or (IIIA) has any oneof the structures shown in Table B3, defined by C¹ and C², or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (III) or (IIIA) has any oneof the structures shown in Table B4, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (III) or (IIIA) is aCoenzyme A mono(thioester) or di(thioester) of a compound having any oneof the structures shown in Table B4, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (III) or (IIIA) has any oneof the structures shown in Table B5, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (III) or (IIIA) is aCoenzyme A mono(thioester) or di(thioester) of a compound having any oneof the structures shown in Table B5, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt or solvate thereof.

TABLE B3 Structure

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

wherein C¹ = COOH and C² = CO—CoA; C¹ = CO—CoA and C² = COOH; or C¹ andC² = CO—CoA

TABLE B4 Compound No. Structure and Name III-10

1,1′-(oxybis(propane-3,1-diyl))bis(cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid)III-11

1-(3-(4-(1-carboxycyclopropyl)butoxy)propyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylicacid III-12

1-(2-(4-(1-carboxycyclopropyl)butoxy)ethyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylicacid III-13

1,1′-(oxybis(butane-4,1-diyl))bis(cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) III-14

1-(5-(2-(1-carboxycyclopropyl)ethoxy)pentyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylicacid III-15

1-(3-((5-(1-carboxycyclopropyl)pentyl)oxy)propyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid III-16

1-(5-(4-(1-carboxycyclopropyl)butoxy)pentyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylicacid III-17

1,1′-(oxybis(pentane-5,1-diyl))bis(cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid)III-18

1-(5-((6-(1-carboxycyclopropyl)hexyl)oxy)pentyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid III-19

1,1′-(oxybis(hexane-6,1-diyl))bis(cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) III-20

1-(6-((7-(1-carboxycyclopropyl)heptyl)oxy)hexyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid III-21

1,1′-(oxybis(heptane-7,1-diyl))bis(cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid)

In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is a compound havingany one of the structures shown in Table B5, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof.

TABLE B5 Compound No. Structure and Name III-22

1-(3-((4-carboxy-4-methylpentyl)oxy)propyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylicacid III-23

1-(4-((4-carboxy-4-methylpentyl)oxy)butyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acidIII-24

1-(4-(3-carboxy-3-methylbutoxy)butyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acidIII-25

1-(4-((5-carboxy-5-methylhexyl)oxy)butyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acidIII-26

1-(5-(3-carboxy-3-methylbutoxy)pentyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acidIII-27

1-(5-((4-carboxy-4-methylpentyl)oxy)pentyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylicacid III-28

1-(5-((5-carboxy-5-methylhexyl)oxy)pentyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acidIII-29

1-(5-((6-carboxy-6-methylheptyl)oxy)pentyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylicacid III-30

1-(5-((7-carboxy-7-methyloctyl)oxy)pentyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acidIII-31

1-(6-((7-carboxy-7-methyloctyl)oxy)hexyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acidIII-32

1-(6-((8-carboxy-8-methylnonyl)oxy)hexyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

In some embodiments, the compound of Formulae (III), (IIIA), or (IIIB),or a compound shown in Table B5, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltor solvate thereof is isolated and purified. In some embodiments, thecompound of Formulae (III), (IIIA), or (IIIB), or a compound shown inTable B5, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, isex vivo.

Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salts of Compounds of Formula (III), (IIIA),or (IIIB)

In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt of a compound of Formula (III):

wherein:

-   -   R¹ and R² are independently —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, —C₂-C₆        alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl, or R¹ and R² together with the carbon        atom to which they are attached form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group;    -   each m is independently 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7;    -   each n is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;    -   each q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;    -   X is —O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NH—, —N(OH)—, —N(→O)—,        N(alkyl)-, or —N(aryl)-;    -   Z₁ and Z₂ are independently —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —OH, —COOH, —COOR⁵,        —CO—CoA, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁵, —CONHMs, —CONHTs, —SO₃H, —SO₃R⁵,

-   -   each R⁵ is independently —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, —C₂-C₆        alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl, each being unsubstituted or        substituted with one or more halogen, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), or        phenyl groups;    -   each R⁶ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, wherein the —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two        halogen, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), or phenyl groups; and    -   each R⁷ is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl;

wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a salt of an amino acid,a meglumine salt, an eglumine salt, a D-glucamine salt, a glucosaminesalt, or a choline salt.

In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt of a compound of Formula (IIIA):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

-   -   R¹ and R² are independently —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, —C₂-C₆        alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl, or R¹ and R² together with the carbon        atom to which they are attached form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group;    -   each m is independently 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7;    -   each n is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;    -   each q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;    -   X is —O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NH—, —N(OH)—, —N(→O)—,        N(alkyl)-, or —N(aryl)-;    -   Z₁ and Z₂ are —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CO—CoA, —CONH₂,        —CONHR⁵, —CONHMs, —CONHTs, —SO₃R⁵,

wherein Z₁ and Z₂ are the same;

-   -   each R⁵ is independently —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, —C₂-C₆        alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl, each being unsubstituted or        substituted with one or more halogen, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), or        phenyl groups;    -   each R⁶ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, wherein the —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two        halogen, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), or phenyl groups; and    -   each R⁷ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl;

wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a salt of an amino acid,a meglumine salt, an eglumine salt, a D-glucamine salt, a glucosaminesalt, or a choline salt.

In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt of a compound of Formula (IIIB):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

-   -   R¹ and R² are independently —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, —C₂-C₆        alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl, or R¹ and R² together with the carbon        atom to which they are attached form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group;    -   each m is independently 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7;    -   each n is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;    -   each q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;    -   X is —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NH—, —N(OH)—, —N(→O)—, N(alkyl)-,        or —N(aryl)-;    -   Z₁ and Z₂ are independently —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —OH, —COOH, —COOR⁵,        —CO—CoA, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁵, —CONHMs, —CONHTs, —SO₃H, —SO₃R⁵,

-   -   each R⁵ is independently —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, —C₂-C₆        alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl, each being unsubstituted or        substituted with one or more halogen, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), or        phenyl groups;    -   each R⁶ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl, wherein the —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two        halogen, —OH, —O(C₁-C₆ alkyl), or phenyl groups; and    -   each R⁷ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C₂-C₆ alkenyl, or        —C₂-C₆ alkynyl;

wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a salt of an amino acid,a meglumine salt, an eglumine salt, a D-glucamine salt, or a glucosaminesalt, or a choline salt.

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompound of Formula (III), (IIIA), and (IIIB), the salt is a salt of anamino acid, and the amino acid is a D,L-amino acid, L-amino acid, orD-amino acid. In some embodiments, the amino acid is a natural aminoacid or a synthetic amino acid. In some embodiments, the amino acid is abasic amino acid. In some embodiments, the amino acid is lysine,arginine, histidine, or glutamine. In some embodiments, the amino acidis L-lysine, L-arginine, L-histidine, or L-glutamine. In someembodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a meglumine salt,an eglumine salt, or aD-glucamine salt. In some embodiments, thepharmaceutically acceptable salt is a choline salt.

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompounds of Formula (III) and (IIIB), Z¹ is —CO—CoA and Z² is —OH,—COOH, —CO—CoA, or —COOR⁵. In some embodiments, Z² is —CO—CoA and Z¹ is—OH, —COOH, —CO—CoA, or —COOR⁵.

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompounds of Formula (III), (IIIA), and (IIIB), Z¹ and Z² are each—CO—CoA.

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompounds of Formula (III), X is —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NH—, —N(OH)—,—N(→O)—, N(alkyl)-, or —N(aryl)-.

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompounds of Formula (III) and (IIIA), X is O. In some embodiments ofthe pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compounds of Formula (III),when X is O, m is 2, 3, 5, 6, or 7.

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompounds of Formula (III), (IIIA), and (IIIB), each n is independently0 or 1. In some embodiments, n is 0. In some embodiments, n is 1.

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompounds of Formula (III), (IIIA), and (IIIB), each m is independently4, 5, or 6. In some embodiments, m is 5 or 6. In some embodiments, m is4. In some embodiments, m is 5. In some embodiments, m is 6. In someembodiments, m is 2 or 3.

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompounds of Formula (III), (IIIA), and (IIIB), R¹ and R² together withthe carbon atom to which they are attached form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkylgroup.

In some embodiments of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompounds of Formula (III) or (IIIA) has any one of the structures shownin Table B3 as defined by C¹ and C², Table B4, or Table B5. In someembodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a meglumine salt, alysine salt, or an arginine salt of the compound having any one of thestructures shown in Table B3 as defined by C¹ and C², Table B4, or TableB5. In some embodiments, the lysine salt is an L-lysine salt. In someembodiments, the arginine salt is an L-arginine salt.

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound of Formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein; each p is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7; each Z¹ and Z² is independently —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—X or —W—(CH₂)_(c)—C(R³)(R⁴)—Y; each c is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3; each R¹ and R² is independently —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl, or each carbon atom together with the R¹ and R² attached to the carbon atom independently form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group; each R³ and R⁴ is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, —O(C₁₋C₆ alkyl), phenyl, benzyl, Cl, Br, CN, NO₂, or CF₃, or each carbon atom together with the R³ and R⁴ attached to the carbon atom independently form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group; Q is independently —OH, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —O(C₁₋C₆ alkyl), phenoxy, aryloxy, benzyl, —S-aryl, —SR^(1A), —NR^(1A)R^(2A), F, Cl, Br, I, —CF₃, —COR^(1A), heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or —V—OH, or two Q with each carbon atoms which it is attached together independently form a heterocyclyl or a carbocyclyl group; V is (CH₂)_(t) or arylene; each R^(1A) and R^(2A) is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl; t is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; each X and Y is independently —OH, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁵, —CONHMs, —CONHTs, —SO₃H,

each R⁶ is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, wherein the —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two halogen, —OH, —O(C₁₋C₆ alkyl), or phenyl groups; each R⁷ is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl; each W is independently —O—, —NH—, —N(OH)—, —N(→O)—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(O)₂—, or —Se—; each R⁵ is independently —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl, each being unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halogen, —OH, —O(C₁₋C₆ alkyl), or phenyl groups; and wherein one or both of Z¹ and Z² are —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—CO—CoA, or one or both of Z¹ and Z² are —W—(CH₂)_(c)—C(R³)(R⁴)—CO—CoA.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has the structure of Formula (IA), Formula (IB), or Formula (IC), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:


3. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of claim 1 or 2, wherein Z¹ is —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—CO—CoA and Z² is —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—X.
 4. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of any one of claims 1-3, wherein Z¹ is —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—CO—CoA and Z² is —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—COOH or —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—COOR⁵.
 5. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of claim 3, wherein X is —CoA.
 6. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of any one of claims 1-5, wherein each R¹ and R² is independently —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl.
 7. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of any one of claims 1-6, wherein each R¹ and R² is independently —C₁₋C₃ alkyl, —C₂₋C₃ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₃ alkynyl.
 8. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of any one of claims 1-7, wherein R¹ and R² are methyl.
 9. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of any one of claims 1-8, wherein c is 0 or
 1. 10. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of any one of claims 1-9, wherein Q is independently —OH, methyl, or methoxy.
 11. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of any one of claims 1-9, wherein t is
 0. 12. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of any one of claims 1-11, wherein c is
 0. 13. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has the structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 14. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has any one of the structures shown in Table A-4, A-5, or A-6, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 15. A compound of Formula (ID):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein: each p is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7; each Z¹ and Z² is independently —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—X or —W—(CH₂)_(c)—C(R³)(R⁴)—Y; each c is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3; each R¹ and R² is independently —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl, or each carbon atom together with the R¹ and R² attached to the carbon atom independently form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group; each R³ and R⁴ is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, —O(C₁₋C₆ alkyl), phenyl, benzyl, Cl, Br, CN, NO₂, or CF₃, or each carbon atom together with the R³ and R⁴ attached to the carbon atom independently form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group; Q¹ is F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, or —O(C₁-C₄ alkyl); each Q² is independently —OH, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —O(C₁₋C₆ alkyl), phenoxy, aryloxy, benzyl, —S-aryl, —SR^(1A), —NR^(1A)R^(2A), F, Cl, Br, I, —CF₃, —COR^(1A), heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or —V—OH, or two Q with each carbon atoms which it is attached together independently form a heterocyclyl or a carbocyclyl group; V is (CH₂)_(t) or arylene; each R^(1A) and R^(2A) is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl; t is 0, 1, 2, or 3; each X and Y is independently —OH, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁵, —CONHMs, —CONHTs, —SO₃H,

each R⁶ is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, wherein the —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two halogen, —OH, —O(C₁₋C₆ alkyl), or phenyl groups; each R⁷ is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl; each W is independently —O—, —NH—, —N(OH)—, —N(→O)—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(O)₂—, or —Se—, and each R⁵ is independently —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl, each being unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halogen, —OH, —O(C₁₋C₆ alkyl), or phenyl groups.
 16. The compound of claim 15, wherein the compound has the structure of Formula (IE), Formula (IF), or Formula (IG), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:


17. The compound of claims 15 or 16, wherein Z¹ and Z² are each independently —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—X.
 18. The compound of claim 17, wherein X is —COOH, —COOR⁵, or —CO—CoA.
 19. The compound of any one of claims 15-18, wherein Z¹ is —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—X and X is —CO—CoA and wherein Z² is —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—COOH or —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—COOR⁵.
 20. The compound of any one of claims 15-18, wherein Z² is —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—X and X is —CO—CoA and wherein Z¹ is —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—COOH or —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—COOR⁵.
 21. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of any one of claims 15-20, wherein each R¹ and R² is independently —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl.
 22. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of any one of claims 15-21, wherein each R¹ and R² is independently —C₁₋C₃ alkyl, —C₂₋C₃ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₃ alkynyl.
 23. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of any one of claims 15-22, wherein R¹ and R² are methyl.
 24. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of any one of claims 15-23, wherein c is 0 or
 1. 25. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of any one of claims 15-24, wherein Q is independently —OH, methyl, or methoxy.
 26. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of any one of claims 15-25, wherein t is 0, 1, or
 2. 27. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of any one of claims 15-26, wherein c is
 0. 28. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has any one of the structures shown in Table A-13, Table A-14, or Table A-15, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 29. A compound of Formula (IH):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein: Z¹ is —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—X or —W—(CH₂)_(c)—C(R³)(R⁴)—Y; c is 0, 1, 2, or 3; each R¹ and R² is independently —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl, or each carbon atom together with the R¹ and R² attached to the carbon atom independently form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group; each R³ and R⁴ is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, —O(C₁₋C₆ alkyl), phenyl, benzyl, Cl, Br, CN, NO₂, or CF₃, or each carbon atom together with the R³ and R⁴ attached to the carbon atom independently form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group; Q is independently —OH, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —O(C₁₋C₆ alkyl), phenoxy, aryloxy, benzyl, —S-aryl, —SR^(1A), —NR^(1A)R^(2A), F, Cl, Br, I, —CF₃, —COR^(1A), heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or —V—OH, or two Q with each carbon atoms which it is attached together independently form a heterocyclyl or a carbocyclyl group; V is (CH₂)_(t) or arylene; each R^(1A) and R^(2A) is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl; t is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; each X and Y is independently —OH, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁵, —CONHMs, —CONHTs, —SO₃H,

each R⁶ is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, wherein the —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two halogen, —OH, —O(C₁₋C₆ alkyl), or phenyl groups; each R⁷ is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl; each W is independently —O—, —NH—, —N(OH)—, —N(→O)—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(O)₂—, or —Se—; each R₅ is independently —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl, each being unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halogen, —OH, —O(C₁₋C₆ alkyl), or phenyl groups.
 30. The compound of claim 29, wherein Z¹ is —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—X.
 31. The compound of claim 30, wherein X is —COOH, —COOR⁵, or —CO—CoA.
 32. The compound of claim 30, wherein X is —COOH.
 33. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of any one of claims 29-32, wherein each R¹ and R² is independently —C₁₋C₃ alkyl, —C₂₋C₃ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₃ alkynyl.
 34. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of any one of claims 29-33, wherein R¹ and R² are methyl.
 35. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of any one of claims 29-33, wherein each carbon atom together with the R¹ and R² attached to the carbon atom independently form a cyclopropyl ring.
 36. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of any one of claims 29-35, wherein c is
 0. 37. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of any one of claims 29-36, wherein t is
 0. 38. The compound of claim 29, wherein the compound has any one of the structures shown in Table A-16, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 39. A compound of Formula (IJ):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein: each p is independently 1 or 2; Z¹ is —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—X or —W—(CH₂)_(c)—C(R¹)(R⁴)—Y; c is 0, 1, 2, or 3; each R¹ and R² is independently —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl, or each carbon atom together with the R¹ and R² attached to the carbon atom independently form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group; each R³ and R⁴ is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, —O(C₁₋C₆ alkyl), phenyl, benzyl, Cl, Br, CN, NO₂, or CF₃, or each carbon atom together with the R³ and R⁴ attached to the carbon atom independently form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group; Q is independently —OH, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —O(C₁₋C₆ alkyl), phenoxy, aryloxy, benzyl, —S-aryl, —SR^(1A), —NR^(1A)R^(2A), F, Cl, Br, I, —CF₃, —COR^(1A), heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or —V—OH, or two Q with each carbon atoms which it is attached together independently form a heterocyclyl or a carbocyclyl group; V is (CH₂)_(t) or arylene; each R^(1A) and R^(2A) is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl; t is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; each X and Y is independently —OH, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁵, —CONHMs, —CONHTs, —SO₃H,

each R⁶ is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, wherein the —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two halogen, —OH, —O(C₁₋C₆ alkyl), or phenyl groups; each R⁷ is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl; each W is independently —O—, —NH—, —N(OH)—, —N(→O)—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(O)₂—, or —Se—; each R⁵ is independently —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl, each being unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halogen, —OH, —O(C₁₋C₆ alkyl), or phenyl groups.
 40. The compound of claim 39, wherein Z¹ is —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—X.
 41. The compound of claim 40, wherein X is —COOH, —COOR⁵, or —CO—CoA.
 42. The compound of claim 40, wherein X is —COOH.
 43. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of any one of claims 39-42, wherein each R¹ and R² is independently —C₁₋C₃ alkyl, —C₂₋C₃ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₃ alkynyl.
 44. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of any one of claims 39-42, wherein R¹ and R² are methyl.
 45. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of any one of claims 39-42, wherein each carbon atom together with the R¹ and R² attached to the carbon atom independently form a cyclopropyl ring.
 46. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of any one of claims 39-44, wherein c is
 0. 47. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of any one of claims 39-45, wherein t is
 0. 48. The compound of claim 39, wherein the compound has any one of the structures shown in Table A-17, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 49. A compound having any one of the structures shown in Table A-18, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 50. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of any one of claims 1-49, wherein the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate is isolated and purified.
 51. A pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of any one of claims 1-50, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a sodium salt, a potassium salt, a magnesium salt, an ammonium salt, a calcium salt, a meglumine salt, a lysine salt, or an arginine salt.
 52. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt of claim 51, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is an L-lysine salt.
 53. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt of claim 51, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is an L-arginine salt.
 54. A pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of any one of claims 1-50, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a salt of a basic amino acid, a meglumine salt, an eglumine salt, a D-glucamine salt, a glucosamine salt, or a choline salt.
 55. A pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula (I):

wherein: each p is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7; each Z¹ and Z² is independently —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—X or —W—(CH₂)_(c)—C(R³)(R⁴)—Y; each c is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3; each R¹ and R² is independently —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl, or each carbon atom together with the R¹ and R² attached to the carbon atom independently form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group; each R³ and R⁴ is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, —O(C₁₋C₆ alkyl), phenyl, benzyl, Cl, Br, CN, NO₂, or CF₃, or each carbon atom together with the R³ and R⁴ attached to the carbon atom independently form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group; Q is independently —OH, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —O(C₁₋C₆ alkyl), phenoxy, aryloxy, benzyl, —S-aryl, —SR^(1A), —NR^(1A)R^(2A), F, Cl, Br, I, —CF₃, —COR^(1A), heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or —V—OH, or two Q with each carbon atoms which it is attached together independently form a heterocyclyl or a carbocyclyl group; V is (CH₂)_(t) or arylene; each R^(1A) and R^(2A) is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl; t is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; each X and Y is independently —OH, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁵, —CONHMs, —CONHTs, —SO₃H,

each R⁶ is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, wherein the —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two halogen, —OH, —O(C₁₋C₆ alkyl), or phenyl groups; each R⁷ is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl; each W is independently —O—, —NH—, —N(OH)—, —N(→O)—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(O)₂—, or —Se—; each R⁵ is independently —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl, each being unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halogen, —OH, —O(C₁₋C₆ alkyl), or phenyl groups; and wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a salt of a basic amino acid, a meglumine salt, an eglumine salt, a D-glucamine salt, a glucosamine salt or a choline salt.
 56. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt of claim 55, wherein the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (IA), Formula (IB), or Formula (IC):


57. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt of claim 55 or 56, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a salt of a basic amino acid and the basic amino acid is a D,L-amino acid, L-amino acid, or D-amino acid.
 58. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of claims 55-57, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a salt of a basic amino acid and the basic amino acid is a natural amino acid or synthetic amino acid.
 59. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt of claim 55 or 56, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a salt of a basic amino acid and the basic amino acid is L-lysine, L-arginine, L-histidine, or L-glutamine.
 60. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt of claim 55 or 56, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a meglumine salt.
 61. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of claims 55-60, wherein Z¹ and Z² are each independently —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—COOH or —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—COOR⁵.
 62. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of claims 55-61, wherein each R¹ and R² is independently —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl.
 63. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of claims 55-62, wherein c is 0 or
 1. 64. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of claims 55-61, wherein at least one R¹ and one R² together with the carbon atom to which R¹ and R² are attached forms a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group.
 65. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of claims 55-60, wherein R³ and R⁴ is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl.
 66. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of claims 55-60, wherein Y is —COOH or —COOR⁵.
 67. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of claims 55-66, wherein R⁵ is —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, In some embodiments, R⁵ is —C₁₋C₃ alkyl, —C₂₋C₃ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₃ alkynyl.
 68. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of claims 55-67, wherein p is 3, 4, 5, 6, or
 7. 69. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of claims 55-68, wherein Q is independently methyl, —OH, F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, or —O(C₁-C₄ alkyl).
 70. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of claims 53-69, wherein t is 0, 1, 2, or
 3. 71. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of claims 53-60, wherein the compound of Formula (I) has the structure shown in Table A-7, Table A-8, Table A-9, Table A-10, Table A-11, or Table A-12.
 72. A composition comprising an effective amount of a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of the compound of any one of claims 1-50, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or vehicle.
 73. A composition comprising an effective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of claims 55-71, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or vehicle.
 74. A method for treating or preventing a disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of the compound of any one of claims 1-50 or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of claims 51-71, wherein the disease is liver disease or an abnormal liver condition; cancer; a malignant or benign tumor of the lung, liver, gall bladder, bile duct or digestive tract; an intra- or extra-hepatic bile duct disease; a disorder of lipoprotein; a lipid-and-metabolic disorder; cirrhosis; fibrosis; a disorder of glucose metabolism; a cardiovascular or related vascular disorder; a disease resulting from steatosis, fibrosis, or cirrhosis; a disease associated with increased inflammation; hepatocyte ballooning; a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-associated disorder; an ATP citrate lyase disorder; an acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase disorder; obesity; pancreatitis; or renal disease.
 75. The method of claim 74, wherein the disease is cancer, and the cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), HCC with cirrhosis, HCC without cirrhosis, HCC with fibrosis, HCC without fibrosis, cholangiocarcinoma, colorectal cancer, biliary tract cancer, or pulmonary cancer.
 76. The method of claim 74, wherein the disease is cancer, and the cancer is fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing's tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, kidney cancer, pancreatic cancer, bone cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, oral cancer, nasal cancer, throat cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilms' tumor, cervical cancer, uterine cancer, testicular cancer, small cell lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, lung cancer, epithelial carcinoma, glioma, glioblastoma, multiforme, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, meningioma, skin cancer, melanoma, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, acute lymphoblastic B-cell leukemia, acute lymphoblastic T-cell leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), acute monoblastic leukemia, acute erythroleukemic leukemia, acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, acute myelomonocytic leukemia, acute nonlymphocyctic leukemia, acute undifferentiated leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), hairy cell leukemia, multiple myeloma, lymphoblastic leukemia, myelogenous leukemia, lymphocytic leukemia, myelocytic leukemias, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, heavy chain disease, gastrointestinal cancer, head-and-neck cancer, hematopoietic cancer, or polycythemia vera.
 77. The method of claim 74, wherein the disease is a lipid-and-metabolic disorder, and the lipid-and-metabolic disorder is characterized by: high C-reactive protein (CRP), high serum amyloid A (SAA), high alanine aminotransferase (ALT), high aspartate aminotransferase (AST), high alkaline phosphatase (ALP), high gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), high low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), high Lp(a), low lipoprotein lipase (LPL), high apolipoprotein C-III (ApoCIII), high apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and ApoB/Lp(a) (lipoprotein(a)) ratio, high total cholesterol, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL), high non-HDL-cholesterol in the subject's plasma or blood serum; or high glucose and insulin resistance in a subject with diabetes.
 78. The method of claim 74, wherein the disease is a lipid-and-metabolic disorder, and the lipid-and-metabolic disorder is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH).
 79. The method of claim 74, wherein the disease is a disorder of glucose metabolism, and the disorder of glucose metabolism is type I diabetes or type II diabetes.
 80. A method for reducing in a subject's blood plasma or blood serum the subject's C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration, serum amyloid A (SAA) concentration, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentration, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) concentration, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentration, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) concentration, serum creatinine concentration, 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4) concentration, protein:creatinine ratio, creatine kinase concentration, angiopoietin-like protein 3 concentration, angiopoietin-like protein 4 concentration, angiopoietin-like protein 8 concentration, fibrinogen concentration, total cholesterol concentration, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration, low-density lipoprotein concentration, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration, very low-density lipoprotein concentration, non-HDL cholesterol concentration, non-HDL concentration, apolipoprotein B concentration, apolipoprotein C concentration, lipoprotein(a) concentration, or serum triglyceride concentration, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of the compound of any one of claims 1-50 or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of claims 51-71.
 81. A method for reducing triglyceride concentration in a subject's liver, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of the compound of any one of claims 1-50 or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of claims 51-71.
 82. A method for elevating in a subject's blood plasma or blood serum a concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, or lipoprotein lipase, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of the compound of any one of claims 1-50 or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of claims 51-71.
 83. A method for treating a disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of the compound of any one of claims 1-50 or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of claims 51-71, wherein the disease is inflammatory disease, gastrointestinal disease, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or an autoimmune disease.
 84. The method of claim 83, wherein the disease is inflammatory bowel disease, and the inflammatory bowel disease is Crohn's Disease or ulcerative colitis.
 85. The method of claim 83, wherein the disease is an autoimmune disease, and the autoimmune disease is systemic lupus erythematosus.
 86. A method for regressing, reducing the rate of progression or inhibiting progression of fibrosis, hepatocyte ballooning or hepatic inflammation, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of the compound of any one of claims 1-50 or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of claims 51-71.
 87. A method for inhibiting, reducing, or delaying advancement of a subject's lipid synthesis, liver steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning, hepatocyte inflammation, liver fibrosis, or cirrhosis, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of the compound of any one of claims 1-49 or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of claims 51-71.
 88. A method for elevating HDL concentration in a subject's blood serum or plasma, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of the compound of any one of claims 1-50 or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of claims 51-71.
 89. A method for inhibiting NF-kB or stellate cell activation, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of the compound of any one of claims 1-50 or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of claims 51-71.
 90. A method for activating PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) in a subject, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of the compound of any one of claims 1-50 or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of claims 51-71.
 91. A method for modulating, directly inhibiting or allosterically inhibiting ATP citrate lyase in a subject, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of the compound of any one of claims 1-50 or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of claims 51-71.
 92. A method for modulating, directly inhibiting or allosterically inhibiting acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 or acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 in a subject, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of the compound of any one of claims 1-50 or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of claims 51-71.
 93. A method of reducing fat or cholesterol content of livestock meat or poultry eggs, comprising administering to the livestock or poultry an effective amount of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of the compound of any one of claims 1-50 or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of claims 51-71.
 94. A method for treating or preventing a disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of the compound of any one of claims 1-50 or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of claims 51-71, wherein the disease is cancer, a lipid-and-metabolic disorder, a liver disorder, cirrhosis, fibrosis, a disorder of glucose metabolism, a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-associated disorder, a malignant or benign tumor of the lung, liver, bile and digestive tract, an ATP citrate lyase disorder, an acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase disorder, obesity, pancreatitis, renal disease, hepatic inflammation, or pulmonary inflammation.
 95. A method for reducing risk of cancer, slowing the onset of cancer or slowing progression of cancer, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of the compound of any one of claims 1-50 or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of claims 51-71.
 96. The method of claim 95, wherein the cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), HCC with cirrhosis, HCC without cirrhosis, HCC with fibrosis, HCC without fibrosis, cholangiocarcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, hemangiosarcoma, colorectal cancer, biliary tract cancer, or pulmonary cancer.
 97. The method of claim 96, wherein HCC is early HCC or advanced HCC.
 98. The method of claim 96, wherein HCC is localized, regional, advanced, metastatic, or unstaged.
 99. The method of claim 96, wherein HCC is HCC subtype S1, HCC subtype S2, HCC subtype S3-1, or HCC subtype S3-2.
 100. The method of claim 95, wherein the cancer is fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing's tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, kidney cancer, pancreatic cancer, bone cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, oral cancer, nasal cancer, throat cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilms' tumor, cervical cancer, uterine cancer, testicular cancer, small cell lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, lung cancer, epithelial carcinoma, glioma, glioblastoma, multiforme, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, meningioma, skin cancer, melanoma, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, acute lymphoblastic B-cell leukemia, acute lymphoblastic T-cell leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), acute monoblastic leukemia, acute erythroleukemic leukemia, acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, acute myelomonocytic leukemia, acute nonlymphocyctic leukemia, acute undifferentiated leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), hair cell leukemia, multiple myeloma, lymphoblastic leukemia, myelogenous leukemia, lymphocytic leukemia, myelocytic leukemias, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, heavy chain disease, gastrointestinal cancer, head-and-neck cancer, hematopoietic cancer, or polycythemia vera.
 101. A method for treating or preventing a viral infection, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of the compound of any one of claims 1-50 or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of claims 51-71.
 102. The method of claim 101, wherein the viral infection is an infection by an oncovirus.
 103. The method of claim 101, wherein the viral infection is an infection by a human virus, a non-human mammalian virus, an avian virus, a plant virus, a bacteria virus or an archaeal virus.
 104. The method of claim 101, wherein the viral infection is an infection by a class I virus, a class II virus, a class III virus, a class IV virus, a class V virus, a class VI virus, or a class VII virus.
 105. A method for inhibiting replication of a virus, comprising contacting the virus with an effective amount of a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of the compound of any one of claims 1-50 or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of claims 51-71.
 106. The method of claim 105, wherein the virus is a class I virus, a class II virus, a class III virus, a class IV virus, a class V virus, a class VI virus, or a class VII virus.
 107. A method for reducing risk of cancer, slowing the onset of cancer or slowing progression of cancer, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein: each p is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7; each Z¹ and Z² is independently —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—X or —W—(CH₂)_(c)—C(R³)(R⁴)—Y; each c is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3; each R¹ and R² is independently —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl, or each carbon atom together with the R¹ and R² attached to the carbon atom independently form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group; each R³ and R⁴ is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, —O(C₁₋C₆ alkyl), phenyl, benzyl, Cl, Br, CN, NO₂, or CF₃, or each carbon atom together with the R³ and R⁴ attached to the carbon atom independently form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group; Q is independently —OH, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —O(C₁₋C₆ alkyl), phenoxy, aryloxy, benzyl, —S-aryl, —SR^(1A), —NR^(1A)R^(2A), F, Cl, Br, I, —CF₃, —COR^(1A), heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or —V—OH, or two Q with each carbon atoms which it is attached together independently form a heterocyclyl or a carbocyclyl group; V is (CH₂)_(t) or arylene; each R^(1A) and R^(2A) is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl; t is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; each X and Y is independently —OH, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁵, —CONHMs, —CONHTs, —SO₃H,

each R⁶ is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, wherein the —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two halogen, —OH, —O(C₁₋C₆ alkyl), or phenyl groups; each R⁷ is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl; each W is independently —O—, —NH—, —N(OH)—, —N(→O)—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(O)₂—, or —Se—; each R⁵ is independently —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl, each being unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halogen, —OH, —O(C₁₋C₆ alkyl), or phenyl groups.
 108. The method of claim 107, wherein the cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), HCC with cirrhosis, HCC without cirrhosis, HCC with fibrosis, HCC without fibrosis, cholangiocarcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, hemangiosarcoma, colorectal cancer, biliary tract cancer, or pulmonary cancer.
 109. The method of claim 108, wherein HCC is early HCC or advanced HCC.
 110. The method of claim 108, wherein HCC is localized, regional, advanced, metastatic, or unstaged.
 111. The method of claim 108, wherein HCC is HCC subtype SI, HCC subtype S2, HCC subtype S3-1, or HCC subtype 53-2.
 112. The method of claim 107, wherein the cancer is fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing's tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, kidney cancer, pancreatic cancer, bone cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, oral cancer, nasal cancer, throat cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilms' tumor, cervical cancer, uterine cancer, testicular cancer, small cell lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, lung cancer, epithelial carcinoma, glioma, glioblastoma, multiforme, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, meningioma, skin cancer, melanoma, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, acute lymphoblastic B-cell leukemia, acute lymphoblastic T-cell leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), acute monoblastic leukemia, acute erythroleukemic leukemia, acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, acute myelomonocytic leukemia, acute nonlymphocyctic leukemia, acute undifferentiated leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), hairy cell leukemia, multiple myeloma, lymphoblastic leukemia, myelogenous leukemia, lymphocytic leukemia, myelocytic leukemias, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, heavy chain disease, gastrointestinal cancer, head-and-neck cancer, hematopoietic cancer, or polycythemia vera.
 113. A method for treating or preventing a viral infection, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein: each p is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7; each Z¹ and Z² is independently —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—X or —W—(CH₂)_(c)—C(R³)(R⁴)—Y; each c is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3; each R¹ and R² is independently —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl, or each carbon atom together with the R¹ and R² attached to the carbon atom independently form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group; each R³ and R⁴ is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, —O(C₁₋C₆ alkyl), phenyl, benzyl, Cl, Br, CN, NO₂, or CF₃, or each carbon atom together with the R³ and R⁴ attached to the carbon atom independently form a —C₃₋C₇ cycloalkyl group; Q is independently —OH, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —O(C₁₋C₆ alkyl), phenoxy, aryloxy, benzyl, —S-aryl, —SR^(1A), —NR^(1A)R^(2A), F, Cl, Br, I, —CF₃, —COR^(1A), heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or —V—OH, or two Q with each carbon atoms which it is attached together independently form a heterocyclyl or a carbocyclyl group; V is (CH₂)_(t) or arylene; each R^(1A) and R^(2A) is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl; t is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; each X and Y is independently —OH, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁵, —CONHMs, —CONHTs, —SO₃H,

each R⁶ is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, wherein the —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two halogen, —OH, —O(C₁₋C₆ alkyl), or phenyl groups; each R⁷ is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl; each W is independently —O—, —NH—, —N(OH)—, —N(→O)—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(O)₂—, or —Se—; each R⁵ is independently —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl, each being unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halogen, —OH, —O(C₁₋C₆ alkyl), or phenyl groups.
 114. The method of claim 113, wherein the viral infection is an infection by an oncovirus.
 115. The method of claim 13, wherein the viral infection is an infection by a human virus, a non-human mammalian virus, an avian virus, a plant virus, a bacteria virus or an archaeal virus.
 116. The method of claim 113, wherein the viral infection is an infection by a class I virus, a class II virus, a class III virus, a class IV virus, a class V virus, a class VI virus, or a class VII virus.
 117. A method for inhibiting replication of a virus, comprising contacting the virus with an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein: each p is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7; each Z¹ and Z² is independently —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—X or —W—(CH₂)_(c)—C(R³)(R⁴)—Y; each c is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3; each R¹ and R² is independently —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl, or each carbon atom together with the R¹ and R² attached to the carbon atom independently form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group; each R³ and R⁴ is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, —O(C₁₋C₆ alkyl), phenyl, benzyl, Cl, Br, CN, NO₂, or CF₃, or each carbon atom together with the R³ and R⁴ attached to the carbon atom independently form a —C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl group; Q is independently —OH, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —O(C₁₋C₆ alkyl), phenoxy, aryloxy, benzyl, —S-aryl, —SR^(1A), —NR^(1A)R^(2A), F, Cl, Br, I, —CF₃, —COR^(1A), heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or —V—OH, or two Q with each carbon atoms which it is attached together independently form a heterocyclyl or a carbocyclyl group; V is (CH₂)_(t) or arylene; each R^(1A) and R^(2A) is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl; t is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; each X and Y is independently —OH, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁵, —CONHMs, —CONHTs, —SO₃H,

each R⁶ is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, wherein the —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two halogen, —OH, —O(C₁₋C₆ alkyl), or phenyl groups; each R⁷ is independently H, —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl; each W is independently —O—, —NH—, —N(OH)—, —N(→O)—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(O)₂—, or —Se—; each R⁵ is independently —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl, each being unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halogen, —OH, —O(C₁₋C₆ alkyl), or phenyl groups.
 118. The method of claim 117, wherein the virus is a class I virus, a class II virus, a class III virus, a class IV virus, a class V virus, a class VI virus, or a class VII virus.
 119. The method of any one of claims 107-118, wherein the compound has the structure of Formula (IA), Formula (IB), or Formula (IC), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:


120. The method of any one of claims 107-119, wherein Z¹ and Z² are each independently —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—X.
 121. The method of claim 120, wherein X is —COOH, —COOR⁵, or —CO—CoA.
 122. The method of any one of claims 107-121, wherein Z¹ is —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—X and X is —CO—CoA and wherein Z is —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—COOH or —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—COOR⁵.
 123. The method of any one of claims 107-121, wherein Z² is —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—X and X is —CO—CoA and wherein Z¹ is —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—COOH or —C(R¹)(R²)—(CH₂)_(c)—COOR⁵.
 124. The method of any one of claims 107-123, wherein each R¹ and R² is independently —C₁₋C₆ alkyl, —C₂₋C₆ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₆ alkynyl.
 125. The method of any one of claims 107-124, wherein each R¹ and R² is independently —C₁₋C₃ alkyl, —C₂₋C₃ alkenyl, or —C₂₋C₃ alkynyl.
 126. The method of any one of claims 107-125, wherein R¹ and R² are methyl.
 127. The method of any one of claims 107-126, wherein c is 0 or
 1. 128. The method of any one of claims 107-127, wherein Q is independently —OH, methyl, or methoxy.
 129. The method of any one of claims 107-128, wherein t is
 0. 130. The method of any one of claims 107-129, wherein c is
 0. 131. The method of any one of claims 74-130, further comprising administering to the subject another pharmaceutically active agent.
 132. The method of any one of claims 74-130, wherein the subject undergoes treatment with another pharmaceutically active agent.
 133. The method of claim 131 or 132, wherein the other pharmaceutically active agent is a statin, a thiazolidinedione or fibrate, a bile-acid-binding-resin, a niacin, an anti-obesity drug, a hormone, a tyrophostine, a sulfonylurea-based drug, a biguanide, an α-glucosidase inhibitor, an apolipoprotein A-I agonist, apolipoprotein E agonist, a phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor, a cardiovascular drug, an HDL-raising drug, an HDL enhancer, a regulator of the apolipoprotein A-I gene, a regulator of the apolipoprotein A-IV gene, a regulator of the apolipoprotein gene, an ATP citrate lyase modulator, an ATP citrate lyase allosteric inhibitor, an acetyl-CoA carboxylase modulator, or an acetyl-CoA carboxylase allosteric inhibitor.
 134. The method of claim 131 or 132, wherein the other pharmaceutically active agent is a statin, and the statin is lovastatin.
 135. The method of claim 131 or 132, wherein the other pharmaceutically active agent is a statin, and the statin is atorvastatin or rosuvastatin.
 136. The method of claim 131 or 132, wherein the other pharmaceutically active agent is sorafenib, paclitaxel, carotuximab, pembrolizumab, lenvatinib, avelumab, durvalumab, tremelimumab, nivolumab, tazemetostat, cemiplimab, ABX196, T-cell receptor (TCR) immune cell therapy agent, TBI-302, namodenoson, MM-310, a tumor-injected oncolytic virus, a gene-modified oncolytic virus, or an immunomodulating gene-therapy agent.
 137. The method of claim 131 or 132, wherein the other pharmaceutically active agent is cenicriviroc, elafibranor, eicosapentaenoic acid, galunisertib, LY2109761, LDE225, nivolumub, firsocostat, apararenone, metformin, leucine-metformin-sildenafil combination, IMM-124E, RG-125, vitamin E, cysteamine, selonsertib, losartan, RO5093151, pradigastat, sitagliptin, vildagliptin, NGM282, pegbelfermin, PF-05231023, obeticholic acid, cilofexor, tropifexor, EDP-305, INT-767, galactoarabino-rhamnogalacturonate, liraglutide, semaglutide, exenatide, ND-L02-s020/BMS-986263, volixibat, amlexanox, PF-06835919, leptin, metreleptin, simtuzumab, tipelukast, oltipraz, MSDC-0602K, ASP9831, roflumilast, elafibranor, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, fenofibrate, saroglitazar, lanifibranor, aramchol, ipragliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, BI 1467335, rosuvastatin, atorvastatin, pitavastatin, VK2809, MGL-3196, nalmafene, pentamidine, berberine, L-camitine, EYP001a, silymarin, miricorilant, ursodeoxycholic acid, metadoxine, ezetimibe, cystadane, L-alanine, saroglitazar magnesium, volixibat, solithromycin, 99m technetium-mebrofenin, tropifexor, S-adenosylmethionine, pentoxifylline, olesoxime, AKR-001, or seladelpar.
 138. The method of claim 131 or 132, wherein the other pharmaceutically active agent is an anti-NASH agent, anti-cancer agent, immunotherapeutic agent, oncologic virus, or vaccine.
 139. The method of claim 138, wherein the other pharmaceutically active agent is an anti-NASH or an anti-cancer agent; wherein the anti-cancer agent is sorafenib, paclitaxel, lenvatinib, tazemetostat, TBI-302, namodenoson, MM-310, cabozantinib, deferoxamine, itacitinib, chiauranib, SF 1126, anlotinib, P1101, varlitinib, SHR-1210, SHR6390, capmatinib, dabrafenib, trametinib, sapanisertib, meclizine, enzalutamide, H3B-6527, OBI-3424, brivanib, tepotinib, temsirolimus, epacadostat, RO7119929, guadecitabine, linrodostat, copanlisib, MIV-818, vorolanib, RO7070179, axitinib, sunitinib, zotiraciclib citrate, nivolumub, regorafenib, camrelizumab, rivoceranib, toripalimab, tislelizumab, sitravatinib, CTO180 cells, rHuPH20, sintilimab, pembrolizumab/vibostolimab coformulation, envafolimab, retifanlimab, INCB106385 (Incyte Corporation), tocilizumab, ERY974, or INCA00186; and wherein the anti-NASH agent is cenicriviroc, elafibranor, eicosapentaenoic acid, galunisertib, LY2109761, LDE225, firsocostat, apararenone, metformin, leucine-metformin-sildenafil combination, vitamin E, cysteamine, selonsertib, losartan, RO5093151 pradigastat, sitagliptin, vildagliptin, NGM282, pegbelfermin, PF-05231023, obeticholic acid, cilofexor, tropifexor, EDP-305, INT-767, galactoarabino-rhamnogalacturonate, liraglutide, semaglutide, exenatide, volixibat, amlexanox, PF-06835919, leptin, metreleptin, simtuzumab, tipelukast, oltipraz, MSDC-0602K, ASP9831, roflumilast, elafibranor, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, fenofibrate, saroglitazar, lanifibranor, aramchol, ipragliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, BI 1467335, VK2809, MGL-3196, nalmafene, pentamidine, berberine, L-carnitine, EYP001a, silymarin, miricorilant, ursodeoxycholic acid, metadoxine, ezetimibe, cystadane, L-alanine, saroglitazar magnesium, volixibat, elafibranor, nalmefene, solithromycin, 99m technetium-mebrofenin, S-adenosylmethionine, pentoxifylline, olesoxime, AKR-001, seladelpar, fisogatinib, or doxorubicin.
 140. The method of claim 138, wherein the other pharmaceutically active agent is an immunotherapeutic agent, and the immunotherapeutic agent is pembrolizumab, avelumab, durvalumab, nivolumab, cemiplimab, ABX196, sintilimab, camrelizumab, spartalizumab, toripalimab, bispecific antibody XmAb20717, mapatumumab, tremelimumab, carotuximab, tocilizumab, ipilimumab, atezolizumab, bevacizumab, ramucirumab, IBI305, ascrinvacumab, LioCyx, sitravatinib, cytokine-based biologic agent IRX-2, bempegaldesleukin, DKN-01, PTX-9908, AK104, PT-112, SRF388, ETI402L1-CART, glypican 3-specific chimeric antigen receptor expressing T cells (CAR-T cells), CD147-targeted CAR-T cells, NKG2D-based CAR T-cells, or neoantigen reactive T cells.
 141. The method of claim 138, wherein the other pharmaceutically active agent is an oncologic virus, and the oncologic virus is Pexastimogene Devacirepvec or Talimogene Laherparepvec.
 142. The method of claim 138, wherein the other pharmaceutically active agent is a vaccine, and the vaccine is GNOS-PV02, INO-9012, ABBV-176, NCI-4650, DNAJB1-PRKACA fusion kinase peptide vaccine, IMA970A, or an anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.
 143. The method of claim 138, wherein the other pharmaceutically active agent is novantrone, prednisone, pixantrone, losoxantrone, Cytidine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) DNA, paclitaxel, oraxol, MTL-CEBPA, ribavirin, elbasvir, grazoprevir, lipotecan, ZSP1241, U3-1784, avadomide, INCAGN01949, or CMP-001.
 144. The method of any one of claims 74-143, further comprising administering radiation therapy to the subject.
 145. The method of claim 144, wherein the radiation therapy is gamma ray radiation therapy or x-ray radiation therapy.
 146. The method of claim 144 or 145, wherein the radiation therapy is administered via a radiation therapy apparatus.
 147. The method of any one of claims 144-146, wherein the radiation therapy is administered concurrently with, prior to or subsequent to the administration of the compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate.
 148. The method of any one of claims 131-147, wherein the subject has undergone a surgical or procedural treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
 149. The method of any one of the claims 74-143, further comprising performing transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) on the subject.
 150. The method of any one of claims 74-143, further comprising performing resection, transplantation, or percutaneous ablation on the subject.
 151. The method of any one of claims 107-150, wherein the compound has any one of the structures shown in Table A-1, A-2, A-3, A-4, A-5, A-6, A-7, A-8, A-9, A-10, A-1, A-12, A-13, A-14, A-15, A-16, A-17, A-18, or A-19, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 152. The method of any one of claims 76, 83, 100, and 102, wherein the gastrointestinal cancer is gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), esophageal cancer, gallbladder cancer, gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor, cholangiocarcinoma, duodenal cancer, gastroesophageal (ge) junction cancer, islet cell cancer, pancreatic cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, colorectal cancer, anal cancer, liver cancer, biliary tract cancer, bile duct cancer, cancer of the small intestine, seudomyxoma peritonei, small bowel cancer, or cancer of unknown primary. 